Challenges in The Music Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Difficulties in The Music Industry - Essay Example The music business is experiencing a tough time because of a decrease in CD deals throughout the years. This is for the most part because of the free computerized downloads from document sharing destinations. The specialists are done acquiring much from sovereignties since the record organizations are not selling as much as they once did. This has made the requirement for the specialists and the record organizations to look for different other options. The music business is an enormous one and comprises of makers, craftsmen, retailers, musicians, advertising organizations, distributers, record studios, record marks designers, producers and merchants. Basically, specialists, who could likewise be lyricists, are marked under agreements by record organizations to create a given number of collections or singles. As a rule, record organizations pay for the creation, assembling and promoting of collections around the world. Any income created from collection deal goes towards taking care o f the expense of its creation. Various record organizations additionally have proprietorship rights to the back list of craftsmen. This fundamentally implies they can choose how this list will be utilized. For example, another craftsman may wish to re-record the tune, or a publicizing organization might need to utilize it in its crusade. The record organization has the circumspection of choosing whether or not to reissue the material. This could presumably be in a reformatted rendition comprising of extra tracks or could be totally re-aced. In various cases, particular sorts of music don't have adequate interest to warrant spending of a ton of cash on them. Therefore, the record organization may make enormous misfortunes on that craftsman. The record organizations normally respect the specialists they work with as among their item portfolio. This prompts extremely fruitful craftsmen adequately financing lesser known ones. Record organizations along these lines base their business on the capacity to give music fit for fulfilling the customers' wide scope of tastes. They thusly need to deal with their item portfolio cautiously to ensure that the money that streams into the business is satisfactory in keeping up the entirety of its liabilities. Many record organizations are normally proprietors of different organizations that they may either have set up or purchased. For example, Universal Music Group additionally claims different organizations, for example, Deutsche Grammophon and Verve. The organization additionally possesses various names circulating both stone and standard pop material. It is subsequently normal for the business to be overwhelmed by five or so significant organizations representing around 75 percent of all recorded music deals around the world. Notwithstanding, inside these five organizations might be numerous different organizations and names, which might be notable in their field of activity. These littler organizations may really have been set up or gained by their parent organizations. The difficulties Various record names have seen their business fall immensely throughout the years. This fall has been credited to expanded robbery that has enormously influenced the music business. Specialists get their sovereignties from their music's deals by the record organizations. Theft implies that any deals made are not official, and subsequently no installment for the specialists. The headway of innovation has not made the circumstance any better. It has prompted an expansion

The Atomic Bomb :: American America History

The Atomic Bomb The nuclear bomb is a ground-breaking, unstable atomic weapon. It is energized by the splitting of the cores of explicit measures of plutonium or uranium, in a chain response. The quality of the blast made by one of these bombs is equivalent to the quality of a blast made by a great many huge amounts of TNT. To explode one of these bombs, enough mass of plutonium or uranium must be given to arrive at what is known as minimum amount. Critical mass is the mass at which the atomic responses going on inside the material can compensate for the neutrons that are leaving the material through its outside surface. These materials are typically isolated inside the bomb with the goal that minimum amount can't be reached until the bomb is prepared to detonate. When the substance responses inside the bomb start, the neutrons discharged by every response hit different iotas and make more parting responses until all the material is dissipated, or totally depleted. This procedure discharges gigantic measures of vitality as outrageous warmth and a monstrous stun wave. These atomic blasts, notwithstanding their weight waves, high breezes, and blaze consumes, produce savage radiation that pollutes soil and water, and pulverized living issue. The nuclear bomb was first made in the mid twentieth century. Physicists in the United States and Europe had found that the splitting of uranium could be utilized to make a fatal dangerous weapon. A letter was sent to U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt by Albert Einstein that depicted this disclosure and cautioned him of its potential threats whenever created by different countries. The Manhattan Project was built up by the U.S. government in 1942 so the nation could build up a nuclear gadget. A group under the order of United States Army Brigadier General Leslie R. Forests structured and manufactured the primary nuclear bombs, coordinated by J. Robert Oppenheimer. This sort of bomb was first tried at Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. The measure of vitality that was discharged by this blast alone was comparable to twenty thousand tons of TNT. Numerous countries have tried atomic gadgets, in the air, under the earth, and under the seas. Just the United States of America, Russia, Great Britain, France, and China straightforwardly confess to having these atomic weapons. Numerous different countries, be that as it may, are suspected to have the ability to collect these things rapidly.

Is Compulsive Shopping Really an Addiction

Is Compulsive Shopping Really an Addiction Addiction Addictive Behaviors Print Is Compulsive Shopping Really an Addiction? By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 30, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on April 28, 2018 Online shopping addiction is a form of compulsive shopping. Echo/Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Shopping addiction, also known as compulsive shopping, compulsive spending, compulsive buying or oniomania, is often trivialized in the media. It is portrayed as the behavior of superficial fashion victims -- invariably female -- and typified by wealthy celebrities with little more to do with their time than purchase shoes. In this context, compulsive shopping in itself doesnt appear to be a problem. The movie Confessions of a Shopaholic in some ways reinforced this view, although it also contained some observations that are relevant to those suffering from problems of compulsive shopping. Rarely is compulsive shopping taken as seriously as addiction to substances like alcohol and drugs or other behaviors, such as compulsive gambling. Is this because it is not a legitimate addiction? Latest Developments Although there is a large and growing body of research into compulsive shopping, unlike research into other addictions, much of the compulsive shopping research is published in journals on marketing and consumer research. These journals have a different audience, consisting mainly of marketing professionals rather than clinical professionals. Clearly, the motives of those interested in marketing and understanding consumer behavior are quite different from those who are interested in preventing and treating addictions. So, for compulsive shopping to be recognized as a disorder in its own right, it will have to be taken on as a topic worthy of research by the addiction and medical fields and studied from that perspective. One of the latest developments in compulsive shopping research is the finding that shopping online is particularly attractive to people who are addicted to shopping. This is because online shopping appeals to several motivations that are particularly strong in compulsive shoppers, including the need to seek out variety in and information about products; to buy without being seen; to avoid social interactions while shopping; and to experience pleasure while shopping. As secrecy in carrying out the activity of compulsive shopping and intense pleasure while engaging in the activity are common across all addictive behaviors, this research supports the notion that compulsive shopping is, indeed, an addiction. Online shopping is one of several computer-based activities that have an addictive component; others include online gambling, online porn, and video game playing. However, these activities are not included in the DSM as stand-alone addictive disorders just yet. While these cyber-addictions are yet to gain full recognition, that is largely a reflection of the lack of a strong record of research on which to base the required detail for developing the official criteria for mental health conditions. It does not indicate that cyber-addictions are not prevalent, problematic or that they are not taken seriously by the psychiatric community. There is also a growing awareness of the need to help people who suffer from financial hardship as a result of compulsive shopping. Similarities and Differences with Other Disorders Compulsive shopping has been recognized for the past 100 years, and people with problems controlling their spending are not diagnosed with shopping addiction, although they can be diagnosed under impulse control disorder, not otherwise specified. Although compulsive shopping, along with many other behavioral addictions, was under consideration for inclusion in the DSM 5, it is not currently listed as an addictive disorder, nor as a stand-alone impulse control disorder. Some experts have suggested that compulsive shopping is a form of obsessive compulsive disorder, or OCD, or that it is a type of bipolar disorder. Although there are overlaps, neither are currently accepted viewpoints. Therefore, although shopping addiction has a long history, an it is associated with a number of mental health conditions, it is not widely recognized as a stand-alone addiction in the medical community. However, there is growing recognition of the similarities between shopping addiction and other addictions, and it may even be possible to get medical help, due to the overlap with other conditions. Certainly, compulsive shopping is something that a psychologist can help you manage.

How to Know If You Have PHP for Your Website

Most web servers nowadays support PHP and MySQL, but if you are having trouble running PHP code, theres an outside chance your web server doesnt support it. To execute PHP scripts on your website, your web host must support PHP/MySQL. If you are unsure whether you have PHP/MySQL support with your host, you can find out by running a test that involves uploading a simple program and trying to run it.   Testing for PHP Support Create a blank text file using NotePad or any other text editor and call it test.php. The .php extension at the end of the file name is critically important. It cannot be .php.html or .php.txt or anything other than .php.Put this PHP code in the text file: ?php phpinfo() ; ? Save the file and upload it to the root of your website on the web server using FTP. The folder may be called public_html or web root or some other name depending on your server, but it is the main folder for your website.In a browser, go to www.[yoursite].com/test.php. If you see the code as you entered it, then your website cannot run PHP with the current host. If your server supports PHP, you will see a list of all the PHP/SQL properties that are supported by the host. PHP Versions Among the supported properties listed should be the version of PHP the web server is running. PHP is updated occasionally and each new version typically has better security practices and new features you can take advantage of. If you and your host are not running recent, stable, compatible PHP versions, some problems might be the result. If you are running a more recent stable version that your web server, you may need to find a new web server.

The Enlighment and the Great Awakening Influence on the...

Both the Enlightenment and the Great awakening caused the colonists to alter their views about government, the role of government, as well as society at large which ultimately and collectively helped to motivate the colonists to revolt against England. The Enlightenment was vital in almost every part of the founding of America, which included everything from government, to politics itself, as well as religion. Many of the ideas from the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening shaped our country as a whole in its seminal years, inspiring everything from the American Revolution, to the Constitution, and even electricity and stoves. Without the central ideas and figures of both the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment era, the United States†¦show more content†¦A group was eventually formed in 1769, which was known as the American Philosophical Society, and allowed for leading colonial thinkers like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson to analyze their ideas to improve society , eventually leading to the need of the American Revolution. These core ideas of the Enlightenment were the basis of the Declaration of Independence, as well as the Constitution. The Great Awakening also played a role in government and society. The Great Awakening was based on a wave of rivals that were an attempt to keep churches and religion from dying in an era that believed that nature held more answers that the Bible. The Great Awakening allowed for ministers like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards to share their ideas about God’s vengeful supremacy and for the first time sermons were being aimed at colonist’s hearts, instead of their heads. These revivals awakened and refreshed the colonists, allowing them to forget the anxiety and uncertainty that they had about America at the time, as well as Great Britain affect on their new home. The sermons communicated the message that every soul in fact was important to God, as well as that both men and women had to choose to be saved, making religion a very personal experience that once was very generalized. The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment taught concepts such as freedom from oppression, natural rights, and a new way of

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Irac Essay Samples That Only a Few People Know Exist

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Irac Essay Samples That Only a Few People Know Exist The Foolproof Irac Essay Samples Strategy Focus your conclusion only on the issue which you discussed. Always the issues are going to have relation with the situation. If there are several issues, there has to be multiple conclusions also. If there's more than 1 issue to address, then you have to write an individual IRAC analysis for each matter. The Demise of Irac Essay Samples You want to spell out the rule that's applicable to the specific case in the essay. If you are just answering an essay question on a law school exam, you're going to be writing from the point of view of the scholar, in you will be exploring the problem in detail to impartially locate a conclusion. There's a particular procedure of how essays ought to be written. Below you will discover a few diverse examples. Again, the suitable rules are something which you are going to learn in your very first year of c ontract law. All parties must mutually agree to the conditions of the contract. Authority in itself is insufficient. Legal education is extremely different in the USA from that in a number of other areas of the world. The difficulty with being in a position to swiftly apply IRAC is basically the way the curve separates everyone out. Breaking the bigger IRAC or issue into a more compact IRAC makes it simpler for the grader to grade the exam and also simpler for the student to organize their ideas and produce an analysis that's on point. If you believe that your answer will look a little stupid, just put everything in the 1 paragraph, but ensure that you adhere to the IRAC structure. The most likely answer is that you will need to include things like the content of IRAC however, you need not organize around IRAC. The cost of an essay depends upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. It is a good idea to look for the one which has a fantastic reputation and offers high-quality papers at inexpensive rates. Many trustworthy writing services are eager to provide essay help. Additionally, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask her or him to make corrections. The Facts are extremely vital for each and every step while using the method and determine it how the practice of the reasoning needs to be developed. Conclusions ought to be short and put with regard to a probability. A motivational test may also be performed to judge one's capacity to enter into a contract. What About Irac Essay Samples? There are different kinds of law essays. Today you can point out the facts that are applicable or not applicable to every component of the law. A general conclusion is reached concerning the matter of liability. You are then going to be prepared to not just go over the situation, yet to compare and contrast it to other cases involving a similar matter. No matter if it's right or wrong, the facts h ave to be analysed and reasoned in the ideal way. The best method to discover questions is to receive your hands on every available practice exam and write answers to every question. If you encounter a word that you don't know, use a dictionary to seek out its meaning. By all means, get somebody else's notes and cross check you have included everything. You ought to use the facts to explain the way the rule results in the conclusion. The rule ought to be the overall principle that is relevant to the scenario. It is applied to the facts. You may attempt to compose the rule of that specific case in your words. The Irac Essay Samples Cover Up The last part of your IRAC on law school exams should become your conclusion. From time to time, different questions in an exam booklet is going to be marked by different folks. If you've got an open-book exam, make an excellent attack outline of all the legal rules you're expected to know. In exams, it is going to come down to practi ce, so make sure that you run through as many practice exams as possible to learn the very best structure for any specific question (exam topics are often repeated so you can find out what will be on your exam early).

Managerial Skills Communication Power

Question: Discuss about theManagerial Skillsfor Communication Power. Answer: Introduction The considered report has the purpose to evaluate some key theoretical concepts and models of communication skill in terms of management. The present assignment is considerably the counterpart of the first assignment, which have concentrated on to establish an action plan to achieve firm hold on communication. Hence, the present report has been constructed to identify convenient theories related to the individual plans developed in the action plan prepared earlier. Nevertheless, on the later part of the discourse deals with measuring and assessing the possible outcome of the action plans considering the evaluated theoretical aspects. Communication power is an effective and essential aspect of a successful manager through which it becomes easy to assign task, control others and motivate subordinates in terms of gaining quality production (VanPatten, 2015). On the other hand, communication skill is an important attribute that helps in collaborating or fruitfully working with others. In this context, the discourse preferred to analyze theoretical concepts of Tuckman and Fisher keeping in mind about the plan to become better instructor and to work in small groups. On the other hand, the report addressed the theoretical model of Westley and Maclean to monitor the effectiveness of the plan to become a good communicator. Theoretical Perspectives Eegarding the Skill Areas Prior to understand the theoretical prospects in detail, it is important to examine the distinct plans portrayed in the previous action plan again. The initial scheme of the action plan is to improve those particular sections of communication, which are flawed. The plan therefore shifts on to achieve confidence to face issues through convenient communication. The action plan thereafter focuses on the essentiality of communication to work and collaborate with other. Alongside, the action plan attempts to sharpen the communication skills to enable the power of giving instructions. However, the action plan concludes with the scheme to judge the effectiveness or credibility of the entire action plan for communication. Instead of evaluating theories of Tuckman, Fisher, Westley and Maclean, considering the action agendas, interactive and communication model of Lasswell seem significant too to evaluate. Interactive Model of Communication The basic concept of interactive model of communication is to exchange ideas, messages and expression with others. According to the concept of the model, exchange of idea and point of views can be pursued through both verbal and nonverbal way (First Adoni, 2015). Interactive model is distinctively composed with the correlation among an encoder, decoder and the source. In this context, it is important to keep in mind that the communicational relation between an encoder, decoder and the source rely chiefly upon message, feedback and the experience field. Source is the person who originates an idea; the source thereafter turns as an encoder, which sends the message to a particular one (Barak, Braverman, Chen Rao, 2013). In the later part, the encoder turns as the decoder who then responsibly receives the feedbacks. Hence, the rudimentary concept of this model regarding communication starts with a new idea then encode the message or send the message to the receiver and then decodes or receives back the feedback against the encoded message. A prosperous management cannot be achieved if there is lack of involvement of an encoder, a decoder and a specific source. The theory is therefore strongly relevant for the plan to address management attributes like solving problems and giving instructions. The Communication Model of Lasswell The communication model of Lasswell is reckoned as one of the influential model of communication that acts as the action model for management purpose. The model is comprised with certain steps, which include a sender, a message, a medium or channel, a receiver and ultimately a feedback. These five components act like powerful tools in terms of having an in-depth evaluation of the process and elements of a convenient communication. In the words of Sapienza, Iyer Veenstra (2015), an effective communication can be conducted through forming questions with each of the five components. Significant enough to mark that this communication model proves favourable for interpersonal mode of communication. The model can be followed effectively when the five individual steps will be covered through five analytical perspectives. The preliminarily perspective is the control analysis, which provides power to the senders. The following perspective, which is content analysis, is the process of representing various groups in political manner and identifying the particular aim of the message (GREEN COBB, 2012). The next phase is called media analysis that recognizes an individual media for communication for exercising maximum power. The audience analysis phase thereafter moves to identify the target population, which is ultimately concluded with the effect analysis that is responsible for predicting the possible effects of the messages. Content analysis, control analysis are part of a well-constructed management and in management communication always finds a distinct way to be carried away. Therefore, the concept of Lasswell sounds pertinent in terms of developing communication skills for management. Tuckmans Theoretical Aspect of Team Development Communication in terms of management perspective is essentially related with the need to form an efficient group with subordinates. In the words of Seck Helton (2014), Tuckmans team development model points out that a team is developed with maturity and the capability to establish a convenient relationship. Tuckman established that a leader or an administrator of a group possess the responsibilities to give priorities towards different circumstances and therefore to bring change in the leadership style. An effective group development as per Tuckman can be achieved through four distinct stages, which are forming, storming, norming and producing or performing. Based on Hall (2015), the introductory phase or the forming phase is the level when subordinates highly depend on the decisions of the leader. However, the unfortunate part of this period is that individual accountabilities stay less rigid and ambiguous for the members of the team. Alongside, the leaders find enormous pressure to provide answers or clearing the objectives of the team to the team participants. The next stage focuses on the complications, which emerge frequently among the team member in case of establishing individuals opinions with other (Dozier, Grunig Grunig, 2013). In this, certain phase most of the team members encounter challenges, which their leaders as uncertainties still rest inside the team purpose. In the following stage of norming, all the possible challenges come to the point of mitigation as in this period the leaders take the initiative to facilitate team agreement and commitment through effective communication skills. In the performing stage, which is supposed to be the endmost, yet potential phase the particular team becomes aware of the assigned task and share vision with each other. The focus to achieve goal through sharing vision is acquired through strong communication skills, which is supposedly one of the chief responsibility of management (Stacks Salwen, 2014). It is necessary to acknowledge that this particular theory is relevant for the plan to deal with problems and work in a group conveniently as per the action schedule. Model of Minor Group Communication by Fisher According to Wenger (2014), a small group most frequently does through rapid decision changing. Frequent decision change along with accomplishing a particular activity through having a good number of stages. In this context, it is significant to remember that decision making which becomes a responsibility of every group member can be obtained through firm communication skills. Specifically, in the group the decision making process includes agenda setting and reflective thinking. As per Aherne Thornber (2013), the decision-making through strong communication power involves six chief guide steps through which a decision turns to be a standard agenda. The steps start with problem identifying phase in which a particular issue is recognized and the reasons of the problem is diagnosed. This is further followed with the analysis of the problems and recognizing the forces that affect on the entire group. Thereafter, in the words of (Fujishin, 2013), standard agenda is pursued through selecting goals for the final decision and generating solution. The entire process sums up with evaluating or selecting ideas for mitigation as criteria and finally implementing them. B.Aubrey Fisher believed and pointed out that generally mode of interaction changes in terms with the formulation of the group decision. Based on Fisher's words, the decision making process is sometime recurring and inconsistent and hugely dependent upon the communication way through which the decision is being proceed. Hence, as argued by Myers Shimotsu (2013), Fisher's model exists with four key stages to build a correspondence among the group which are stages of orientation, conflict, emergence and reinforcement. The initial stage of orientation when people start to know each other, suffers through lack of the power of communication. On the part of knowing each other, the occurrence of agreement, interpretations take place and most of the time members of the group tend to share problems. On the phase of conflict, an individual issue is diagnosed and each of the group individual tries to get to the solution by expressing their perspectives (Sana, 2015). Communication among groups is here the key through which individual response increases and enforces individual participation. As per (McQuail Windahl, 2015), in stage three, group tasks emerge though uncertainty arises. Instead of having different responses among the group members, individuals attempts to reach to the level of unanimity. However, the final stage mainly focuses upon making a lengthy group communication through which the final decision stands up by the assemblage of individual viewpoints. The theoretical model of Fisher is an apt concept in context to management and specifically to communication as the model prescribes stages to establish decisions through having discussions in a group. Therefore, this particular model guides to polish communication skills as well as management practice (Cobley Schulz, 2013). Most significantly, the model addresses the skill of giving instructions and working together which is a major part of the proposed action plan. Communication Model of Westley and Maclean In the words of Dozier, Grunig Grunig, (2013), the communication model of Westley and Maclean is applied in interpersonal context as well as in mass communication purpose. However, the main difference between the purposes of this model in term of these two aspects is feedback. In other words, whereas the feedback is easy to gain and comes in a direct way in the interpersonal context, in mass communication aspect feedback is slow and comes in an indirect way. Based on Kar, Moura Ramanan (2012), Westley and Maclean believed that communication is the process through which a person responds rather than the process through which people starts talking. Therefore, the communication can be called as the relation between responses and the procedure of communication. The model is hence indicative of the fact that communication starts right after a person receives any information or message and thereafter the process pursues through the receivers initiatives to send response based on the orientation object. The model may sound less applicable for managerial purpose though the basic concept of communication can help forming a managers way of providing response to the subordinates (Manca, 2015). Without firm communication skills, it is hard to receive message from outside as well as to respond back against the sent information. If a manager or leader possesses less communication powers, then the entire process of responding, instructing and conveying information would not work. Reviewing the Results of the Action Plan and Measuring the Achievement The initial agenda of the action plan has been to improve the communication skill, for which I have explored the areas of my weakness and intended to work on them based on the feedback I will get from the quiz I have taken as a measurement of pre-test. In this purpose, I have followed the interactive model of communication that is comprised with an encoder and a decoder to send message and improve based on feedback. On the part of the encoder, I have sent my response to the quiz competition and my improvement process further pursued through the feedback I got from the quiz competition. As per the feedback of quiz, I have less speed in sending response as soon as the questions have been sent. Thereafter I have started practicing on managing time and preparing myself to take less time to understand and receive a particular message or information. To judge my improvement, I have taken help of one of my companions to ask me questions in a particular time limit. Fortunately, I have realized that almost 70% of the answers I have in a quick manner and as per my companion, I have given more importance upon to answer the question and have not concentrated upon my behavior to complement my responding technique. My next plan has been to deal with problems and encounter any difficult situation properly. In that case, Lasswells communication model and Tuckmans theoretical aspect has helped me to reach desired to the desired outcome. The proposed plan has been to communicate with students and face difficult situation. Following these two theoretical aspects, I have chosen the content topic of Olympic for debate to converse with the students and have chosen face to face talking. I encountered problems in time when students started arguing with each other about the performance. With the help of Tuckmans model, I started to norm the students to further engage them in the performing stage with my verbal and non-verbal communication skills. As a result, I find that, my non-verbal communication skill or my expression work favorably to control the students. It is indicative of the fact that my verbal powers have not sharpened to a high level. However, my next two plans, which have been to give instructions and work with the groups, have been influenced hugely by the theoretical concepts of Fisher, Tuckman and specifically of Westley and Maclean. In case of strengthening my communication power for making decisions and working in groups, I have strictly followed the Fishers model as I have assigned to work in a small group of students. For these two tasks, I strongly considered Westley and Macleans concept that communication is the relation between respondent and the communication process. The consequence have been probably the most successful as most of the group members have shown active participation and most of them have even replied that my instructions have been convenient enough. From the outcome I can realize that my skill to respond fast and instruct with my both verbal and non-verbal communication have worked aptly. Moreover, the achievement indicates that I need to work on my non-verbal communication skills to gi ve a more convenient leadership in future. My final plan to revise and evaluate my outcome specifically denotes that my verbal skills need to find a more firm edge and in terms of getting feedback and work on them, all of the evaluated theories have guided me well. It is significant to mark that evaluation of the feedback from the quiz have been pursued again as I have participated again in that same competition. The final one has been much more fruitful as near about 75% of the answers have been sent correct and in a less time limit. Conclusion The above report has analyzed some key theoretical concepts of Tuckman, Fisher, Westley and Maclean, which have assisted to accomplish the action plans and evaluate the feedbacks. The concepts of Tuckman and Fisher have specifically helped to work in a group, making decisions and giving instructions. On the other hand, the interactive model and Lasswells concepts have guided to improve upon pitfalls based on feedback. Nevertheless, the report indicates that in time of giving instruction the non-verbal skills and decision making method have proved most successful, whereas the feedbacks of the quiz remarked that time consumption is a potential flaw. References Aherne, P., Thornber, A. (2013). Communication for All: A Cross Curricular Skill Involving Interaction Between" Speaker and Listener". Routledge. Barak, B., Braverman, M., Chen, X., Rao, A. (2013). How to compress interactive communication. SIAM Journal on Computing, 42(3), 1327-1363. Cobley, P., Schulz, P. J. (Eds.). (2013). Theories and models of communication (Vol. 1). Walter de Gruyter. Craig, R. T. (2013). Constructing theories in communication research. Theories and models of communication, 1, 39-57. Dozier, D. M., Grunig, L. A., Grunig, J. E. (2013). Manager's guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Dozier, D. M., Grunig, L. A., Grunig, J. E. (2013). Manager's guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. First, A., Adoni, H. (2015). An Interactive Model for Analyzing the Development of the Communication Discipline: Israel as a Case Study. Journalism, 5(7), 324-340. Fujishin, R. (2013). Creating effective groups: The art of small group communication. Rowman Littlefield. GREEN, M., COBB, L. (2012). Theories of Communication. Functional Communication: Analyzing the Nonlinguistic Skills of Individuals with Severe or Profound Handicaps, 1. Hall, T. B. (2015). Examining the Relationship Between Group Cohesion and Group Performance in Tuckman's (1965) Group Life Cycle Model on an Individual-Level Basis (Doctoral dissertation, REGENT UNIVERSITY). Kar, S., Moura, J. M., Ramanan, K. (2012). Distributed parameter estimation in sensor networks: Nonlinear observation models and imperfect communication. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 58(6), 3575-3605. Manca, L. (2015). A Hypothesis about the Role of Gateopener in the Westley-MacLean Model.Interdisciplinary Essays on Environment and Culture: One Planet, One Humanity, and the Media, 69. McQuail, D., Windahl, S. (2015). Communication models for the study of mass communications. Routledge. Myers, S. A., Shimotsu, S. (2013). Understanding Work Group Dynamics: Effectively Getting People to Work Cohesively in Small Groups. Workplace Communication for the 21st Century: Tools and Strategies that Impact the Bottom Line [2 volumes]: Tools and Strategies That Impact the Bottom Line, 1, 243. Sana, M. (2015). Critical Analysis of Mass Communication Theories.Scholedge International Journal of Multidisciplinary Allied Studies ISSN 2394-336X,2(4), 19-24. Sapienza, Z. S., Iyer, N., Veenstra, A. S. (2015). Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions.Mass Communication and Society,18(5), 599-622. Seck, M. M., Helton, L. (2014). Faculty Development of a Joint MSW Program Utilizing Tuckman's Model of Stages of Group Development. Social Work with Groups, 37(2), 158-168. Stacks, D. W., Salwen, M. B. (Eds.). (2014). An integrated approach to communication theory and research. Routledge. VanPatten, B. (2015). Communication and Skill. Routledge. Wenger, E. (2014). Artificial intelligence and tutoring systems: computational and cognitive approaches to the communication of knowledge. Morgan Kaufmann.

McDonalds Restaurant

Fast food businesses managed to survive the global financial crisis that the entire world faced since 2007. However, the fast food businesses too began to suffer the consequences of the crisis. In 2009, some fast food chains closed some of their branches as they posted low sales levels. McDonald’s, Yum Brands, KFC and Pizza Hut all posted decline in sales in 2009. The crisis intensified competition in the fast food industry.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on McDonald’s Restaurant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Participants in the industry tried to beat competitors through the introduction of new products and prices. McDonald’s is one of the companies that participate in the fast food industry. It faced stiff competition from numerous competitors worldwide. Some of the key competitors include Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), Pizza Hut and Yum Brands. McDonald’s can use product pos itioning to ensure that it leads in the fast food industry. It can use this strategy to enhance its brand and lead other companies in the industry. This strategy requires that it pays close attention to the needs of the customers (The Times 100 1). This is essential because there is international promotion and export, psychological and sociological issues that can affect the position of a product in a market. This paper examines product-positioning strategies that McDonald’s can use to promote itself and stay ahead of its competitors in the international market. It mainly focuses on India and Africa as segments of the international markets. Additionally, it considers the international markets as areas outside the United States. Background of McDonald’s McDonald’s is a well-known brand internationally. It is a company that has international operations. Two brothers, Dick and Mac, established the company in 1937. In 1948, the company began to sell fries, hamburger s, soft drinks and shakes. In 1953, the company began to franchise the business. The first franchises were in California and Arizona. The brothers adopted a system of operations that was efficient and ensured fast movement of customers. Currently, the company operates approximately 31000 restaurants internationally. Moreover, the company has employed about 1.5 million individuals in its restaurants. The company has operations in more than 120 countries.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The advantage that the company has had is that it uses a system that ensures efficiency in operations. The company uses intense media hype to support the efficient process that it adopted. The media hype has been a campaign strategy that the company adopted. Product Positioning Product positioning involves stimulation of a company’s brand and its services. The brand image of a c ompany shows how clients perceive an organization. Companies promote their brands to develop personalities of their organizations. Product positioning and branding are effective only if a company maintains consistency (The Times 100 1). Consistency is important in promotion strategies that a company adopts. Images and colours that a company uses in promotions like adverts provide a brand with distinguishable features. McDonald’s uses the Golden Arches logo to position its products in the fast food industry. McDonald’s faces stiff competition in all the markets in which it has operations. In addition, it faces other challenges in its international operations. Economic statuses of some of the countries in which it operates pose promotion challenges. Technological and legal challenges also affect the operations and competitiveness of McDonald’s. Success of McDonald’s in some countries is also affected by social factors. These challenges necessitate the need for identification of market needs. McDonald’s must identify the needs of customers to develop effective promotion strategies. After identification of the needs of customers is when it can position its products appropriately within each market (Mueller 29). Through identification of the needs of the customers, McDonald’s has a better chance to satisfy the market compared to its competitors. The company has to identify its customers before it positions its products in the market. It must identify possible clients in all the markets in which it has business operations. To achieve this, McDonald’s must perform market research. After McDonald’s has identified its target population, it has to develop a promotion mix that appeals to the recognized group. It has to develop a promotion strategy that incorporates price, product and place characteristics. The company has to ensure that its products are well received in the market, and the clients are able to afford the set prices (The Times 100 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on McDonald’s Restaurant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, the company has to identify the television programmes that the targeted population like to watch. Identification of these programmes also assists the company to position its products appropriately. The identification of a promotion strategy and mix helps McDonald’s to improve sales and increase consumer loyalty. Market research also assists McDonald’s to identify factors that influence the behaviours of its customers. There exist factors that influence the purchase decisions that people make. Thus, McDonald’s has to know that these factors complement the features of the products that it offers to the customers. These factors can be psychological, sociological or economical. All these factors are vital in product positioning. Moreover, these f actors can be crucial to the customers than the products sold. Through identification of these factors, McDonald’s can shape the minds of the customers. Hence, it can determine how to position its products appropriately within a market. Key Issues McDonald’s faces a number of challenges in its attempts to position its products within the international markets. The challenges can be in terms of prices, perception and competition among others. The issues can be classified into three broad categories. These categories are international promotion and export management, psychological and sociological. International promotion and export management relate to price strategy and methods of operations that a company uses in its overseas operations. McDonald’s faces challenge in the establishment of the appropriate price for its products in some of the markets in which it has operations. Poverty and low amount of disposable income are key issues that the organization has t o tackle. The products that the company offers are perceived as expensive in some countries. In Africa and India, for example, many people cannot afford the prices. Additionally, the company has to target cities only with the products that it offers. People in semi urban regions are unable to afford the products sold by the company. They have low levels of disposable incomes and most of them practice agriculture. The layout of McDonald’s is also a source of challenge in some of the international markets. Some societies are used to the hotel environment and not the fast process system associated with McDonald’s operations. This challenge emanates from the consumption patterns of such societies. They are used to consumption of breakfast, lunch and supper. Normally, lunch and supper involves consumption of a balanced diet meal.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The composition of breakfast depends on the culture of a household. However, the layout of McDonald’s restaurants promotes the consumption of burgers and other fast foods. However, Burgers are not considered as healthy foods for consumption, especially at lunchtime in these societies (Misra and Yadav 27). Psychological challenges faced by the company in international markets relate mainly to religion, personality and lifestyle. McDonald’s sells hamburgers that contain beef or pork. However, extremely few people in some countries in which it operates consume beef and pork. In India and some Arab countries, cows are considered sacred (Tiffany 1). Hence, it is a challenge for the company to enter these markets and increase overall sales revenues. Many people in such countries are vegetarians. They cannot consume the burgers that the company sells. The company has to find ways through which it can capture these markets. These markets have high populations and can assist th e company to increase revenues. India, for example, has a population of over one billion people (Misra and Yadav 28). The perception and lifestyles of many people in international markets is also an issue that brings challenges to McDonald’s promotion strategies. Perception and lifestyle patterns are sociological issues. However, they affect the strategies that the company can use to position its products within some of the international markets. Consumption patterns, for example, affect the strategies that the company can use to promote its products. People in some societies prefer to eat together at lunchtime. However, the pattern that McDonald’s has adopted encourages people to eat away from home. This is not common in some societies especially in Africa and India. Analysis of the Issues Based on the challenges described above, McDonald’s must identify suitable solutions. It must identify the challenge that it faces in each market and formulate a strategy tha t will position its products appropriately. One psychological factor that McDonald’s can identify is vegetarianism. Vegetarianism is widespread in some of the countries in which it has operations. Some of these countries have high populations and promise high sales returns. The company must identify a strategy through which it can position its products in these markets and increase its sales revenues. This can assist it to stay ahead of its competitors like KFC and Pizza Hut. For example, in India, consumption of beef is prohibited. However, India has a large population and can assist McDonald’s to increase its sales revenues. Muslims and Indians do not consume beef or pork. Furthermore, they consider cows sacred. However, McDonald’s was interested in the high population of the country. Hence, it developed a product that was able to position itself appropriately within the Indian market. KFC and Pizza Hut do not have a product that can position itself in the Ind ian market like the Aloo-Tikki burger developed by McDonald’s (Amoako-Agyei 1). The Hamburgers that McDonald’s normally produce are made of beef. However, since many people in India are vegetarians, the company developed Aloo-Tikki. It is made of potatoes and spices and with no beef. The company also made hamburgers made of chicken and fish fillets. Moreover, the company separated the preparation processes of the hamburgers. This was done to promote the â€Å"vegetarian experience† idea that the company developed for the market. Thus, the company managed to position its products after it identified the needs of the market. It understood the psychological factors associated with beef consumption in the Indian market (Tiffany 1). One sociological factor that influences product positioning is consumption habits. In many countries, people like to eat out only on extraordinary circumstances. In Africa, for example, people meet and eat at home to share their experienc es during the day. However, due to globalization, growth of cities and increase in full time employment opportunities, the trends have changed. The growth of cities has promoted the need for fast food restaurants. However, consumption behaviour in Africa is different from that of western societies. Hence, McDonald’s had to develop new products and services for the African market. The strategy positioned its products before those of its competitors. Many African countries are used to the restaurant environment and not the streamlined structure of fast food businesses. Additionally, consumption pattern in many African countries involve breakfast, lunch and supper. Lunch and supper involve consumption of meals that provide appropriate nutritional balance. Breakfast is normally based on a household’s culture. McDonald’s had to develop a strategy that considered these factors. The strategy has helped the company to position its products appropriately within the Afric an market (Amoako-Agyei 1). Product positioning is also influenced by international promotion and export management factors. Valuation of food in monetary terms is a sensitive matter in some of the countries in which McDonald’s operates. McDonald’s had to adopt a strategy that focused on the ability of customers to pay. Normally, the strategy of McDonald’s is to enhance sales volume. It normally provides its products and services at prices that are considered affordable. However, many people perceive the prices that it offers as high. Therefore, it has targeted certain sections of the populations with its products in international markets. For example, in India and Africa, it targets the wealthy and the upper middle class people with its products. These people have the ability to pay for products offered by the company (Amoako-Agyei 1). Moreover, it targets people who have been exposed to western culture. It also operates in principal cities only in India and Af rica. People in semi urban areas are not able to afford the set prices. This strategy has helped the company to position its products appropriately within international markets. The strategy has ensured that the company operates in urban areas where there is continuous growth in disposable incomes. This has enabled the company to maintain leadership in the fast food industry. Hypothetical Strategies There exist hypothetical strategies that the company can use to tackle the challenges identified. The company can determine an appropriate promotion strategy that can assist it to position its products in the international markets. It must identify the objectives of a promotion strategy that it can use. Objectives express the goals that a company hopes to achieve through a promotion strategy. Objectives also direct the promotion plans adopted by a company and are vital in the assessment of the strategy used. Objectives can focus on acquisition of market share or improvement of sales volu me and so on. The company has to identify its long term and short-term objectives to position its products. Notably, the long-term objectives can be divided into short-term objectives. Hence, in India, the long-term objective can be to increase sales while the short-term objective can be to introduce the products in the market. On the other hand, the short-term objective in Africa can be to change consumption patterns while the long-term objectives can be to increase sales (Mueller 29). The second step is to define the methods that can be used to achieve the objectives formulated. In this hypothetical strategy, a promotion mix can be used. McDonald’s has to offer products that clients want. The company has to ensure that there are numerous choices for its potential clients. It must also be ready to change products regularly to ensure that clients are satisfied. Hence, in a market like India where people do not eat beef, the company can develop numerous alternatives to product s that already exist. However, it has to ensure that it does not interfere with the sales growth of a product that customers already know. Thus, it is essential for the company to monitor the life cycle of a product that it has developed for each market. Additionally, the company has to use adverts to position its new products within the international markets. The promotion mix that the company can use also has to consider prices of products sold. The company has to consider the psychological aspects associated with prices of products. It must consider the perception of customers about the prices that it charges for products sold in the restaurants. Hence, the company should charge relatively uniform prices in all markets even though some customers may feel that they are high. Low prices may make certain sections of the markets feel that the quality of the products is low. Thus, the company must protect the image and integrity of McDonald’s brand in its price strategy. Low pr ices may also make competitors like KFC match with the costs of McDonald’s. This may not result into an increase in demand for products offered by the company. Hence, price reduction is not an effective strategy that McDonald’s can use to improve the position of its products within different markets. Promotion mix that the company can use should include all communication methods. Adverts are the most effective method that the company can use to tackle sociological and psychological issues that affect a product’s position. The company can use radio and television adverts to promote the products that it sells. The company can then use adverts and other promotion methods like displays at the point of trade and fidelity schemes. McDonald’s can develop a communication strategy that involves different promotion methods. This can assist the company to tackle the challenges posed by sociological and psychological factors associated with different markets. For exa mple, television adverts can inform Indian clients that the hamburgers sold at McDonald’s do not contain beef. On the other hand, newspaper adverts can provide the same Indian customers with more details about the hamburgers. Additionally, it is essential that the messages provided by the different promotion methods complement each other. Any contradictions may confuse the customer and affect the position of products sold by the company. The promotions that the company adopts must also catch the attention of the customers. The adverts must ensure that psychological, sociological and other issues are tacked. The adverts must inform potential clients the benefits that the company provides. For example, it can inform customers that the fast process system saves their time. It saves their time so they can be punctual at their work places. This can make customers who prefer to go home at lunchtimes reconsider their actions. Finally, the company has to use layouts that are efficien t and that make customers comfortable. The place of operation is vital in the promotion of a product. The place of operation has to consider many features other than the layout and points of distribution. McDonald’s must consider social aspects that are essential to some communities. For example, some communities like to eat together. On the other hand, McDonald’s like a system that is fast and efficient. Hence, in such communities, the company can adopt a layout that considers the sociological needs of clients and at the same time ensures speed and efficiency in service delivery. The area of operation also has to consider the ease in management of all the activities that take place within the restaurants. Implementation Procedures The first step is to conduct a market research. This can assist the company to identify the potential customers, their ability to pay and their characteristics. Additionally, the company can determine psychological, economic and sociological aspects of the markets that can affect the position of the products that it offers. Secondly, the company can determine the best market entry method. The company can identify the best method based on the features and beliefs of the potential customers. It can develop and promote products that meet the needs and features of the customers. The company can then develop promotion methods that explain to the customers why the products suit them (Doole and Lowe 8). In this way, the company will tackle issues that it identified through market research. The promotion strategies used must also ensure that the international brand of the company is not compromised by the modifications made on the products offered to the customers of a region. Expected Results The implementation of the hypothetical strategies described should assist the company increase the volume of sales. The strategies can assist the company to shape the minds of clients and at the same time meet their needs. The strategies can enable the company to maintain international standards in promotion and export and tackle sociological and psychological issues associated with different international markets. The strategies can also enable the company to develop new versions of products that it normally sells (Doole and Lowe 8). The new versions can suit the needs of different segments of the international markets. Finally, the strategies can assist the company to maintain leadership in the fast food sector. This can be achieved since the strategies can assist the company position all its products appropriately within the different markets in which it has business operations. Conclusions The goal of this paper was to determine ways through which McDonald’s could position its products within international markets. It examined ways through which the company could do so by identification of effective strategies. It considered international promotion and export, psychological and sociological issues that c an affect the position of products offered by the company. It then provided different examples in Africa and India and provided strategies that could be applied to solve the problems posed. Additionally, this paper provided hypothesized strategies that can be used to improve the position of products offered by McDonald’s. It discussed promotion strategies that the company can employ to tackle the challenges posed by the different markets. It also discussed the advantages that can be realized through implementation of the strategies. Finally, it provided a brief procedure that can be used to implement the hypothesized strategies and the expected outcomes of the plans. Works Cited Amoako-Agyei, Erika, Egypt’s McArabia: How McDonald’s and other global firms integrate into African markets. 2011. Web. Doole, Isobel, and Lowe, R. International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, Development and Implementation, London: Cengage Learning, 2008. Print. Misra, Sanjay, and Yadav, P. International Business: Text and Cases, New Delhi: PHI learning, 2009. Print. Mueller, Barbara. Dynamics of International Advertising: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives, New York: Peter Lang, 2011. Print. The Times 100, The marketing process: A McDonald’s Restaurants case study. 2012. Web. Tiffany, Hsu, Vegetarian McDonald’s: Its first non-meat restaurant to open in India. 2012. Web. This research paper on McDonald’s Restaurant was written and submitted by user Chr0n0mancer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chinas Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors

Chinas Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors Back in the earliest mists of recorded history, over four thousand years ago, China was ruled by its very first dynasties: the mythical Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. They ruled between about 2852 and 2070 BCE, before the time of the Xia Dynasty.   Legendary Reigns These names and reigns are legendary more than they are strictly historical. For example, the claim that both the Yellow Emperor and Emperor Yao ruled for exactly 100 years immediately raises questions.   Today, these very earliest of rulers are considered demigods, folk heroes, and sages all rolled into one. The Three August Ones The Three Sovereigns, also sometimes called the Three August Ones, are named in Sima Qians Records of the Grand Historian or Shiji from about 109 BC.   According to Sima, they are the Heavenly Sovereign or Fu Xi, the Earthly Sovereign or Nuwa, and the Tai or Human Sovereign, Shennong.   The Heavenly Sovereign had twelve heads and ruled for 18,000 years.  He also had 12 sons who helped him rule the world; they divided humanity into different tribes, to keep them organized. The Earthly Sovereign, who lived for 18,000 years, had eleven heads and caused the sun and moon to move in their proper orbits. He was the king of fire, and also created several famous Chinese mountains. The Human Sovereign had only seven heads, but he had the longest lifespan of all the Three Sovereigns - 45,000 years.   (In some versions of the story, his whole dynasty lasted that long, rather than just his own life.)  He drove a chariot made of clouds and coughed the first rice out from his mouth. The Five Emperors Again according to Sima Qian, the Five Emperors were the Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Emperor Yao, and Shun.   The Yellow Emperor, also known as Huangdi, supposedly ruled for an even 100 years, from 2697 to 2597 BCE.   He is considered the originator of Chinese civilization.   Many scholars believe that Huangdi was actually a deity, but was later transformed into a human ruler in Chinese mythology. The second of the Five Emperors was the Yellow Emperors grandson, Zhuanxu, who ruled for a modest 78 years.   During that time, he changed Chinas matriarchal culture to a patriarchy, created a calendar, and composed the first piece of music, which was called The Answer to the Clouds. Emperor Ku, or the White Emperor, was the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor.   He ruled from 2436 to 2366, just 70 years.   He liked to travel by dragon-back and invented the first musical instruments. The fourth of the Five Emperors, Emperor Yao, is viewed as the wisest sage-king and a paragon of moral perfection.   He and Shun the Great, the fifth emperor, may have been actual historical figures.   Many modern Chinese historians believe that these two mythological emperors represent folk memories of early, powerful warlords from the era just before the Xia Period. More Mythological Than Historical All of these names, dates, and fabulous facts are obviously more mythological than historical.   Nonetheless, it is fascinating to think that China has some sort of historical memory, if not precise records, from about 2850 BCE - almost five thousand years ago. The Three Sovereigns The Heavenly Sovereign (Fuxi)The Earthly Sovereign (Nuwa)The Human Sovereign (Shennong) The Five Emperors Huang-di (The Yellow Emperor), c. 2697 – c. 2597 BCEZhuanxu, c. 2514 – c. 2436 BCEEmperor Ku, c. 2436 – c. 2366 BCEEmperor Yao, c. 2358 – c. 2258 BCEEmperor Shun, c. 2255 – c. 2195 BCE

Walmart Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Walmart - Case Study Example With the domestic location of its stores, Wal-Mart growth was increasing very slowly but later on they tried to gain from the international opportunities. Wal-Mart became a figure of free enterprise that had lost organization (Wal-Mart Stores 14). With the analysis of the influential five forces that model an industry, Wal-Mart’s growth and development over the years can be well elaborated. During 20th century, general retail has been alive. It was not that of a good system for the customers because they were not allowed to take any merchandise from the shelves. Later on, Discount retail came to the market and it encouraged, little charge, presented less service, credit, and they returned some advantages to the customers. This displayed how catchy the corporation had developed to be. Consumers displayed readiness in buying the brands from Wal-Mart where they felt comfortable with the â€Å"one-stop shopping† where an extensive collection of commodities were located in one place. This was to reduce the time they spent in shopping. In rivalry, a firm can decide to alter the prices to get an advantage, or either improves manufactured goods differentiation (Wal-Mart Stores 15). Threat of substitutes product means the product found within the companies. A close substitute product will limit the chance of Wal-Mart to raise its prices. But Wal-Mart had a fairer price set on their merchandise, which made a great difference in the market compared to other firms (Wal-Mart Stores 17). Their main lead came from the organization and management style, IT, in store operations. They did set low prices in their goods which gave them an upper advantage in the market; this was due to aggressive use of technology in their retail operations. Its competitors tried to respond to Wal-Mart’s advantage in logistics and EDI by making modest cooperative changes by bringing into play the use of the internet and

The role of the state in industrialization Essay

The role of the state in industrialization - Essay Example By developing a framework of analysis to examine business systems, Whitley explained at length â€Å"certain components of business systems and their interaction with institutions† (Tempel, 2001, p. 43). Whitley’s concept of national business systems has however been criticized often due to its weaknesses like portraying organizations as â€Å"passive pawns† which have little option but to comply (Scott, cited in Tempel, 2001, p. 42). With the help of extensive research and discussion regarding why it is that business systems in many developed nations continue to diverge, many factors are unveiled. While a market driven approach lays the foundation of employment systems in UK, fully developed vocational educational systems in France ensure high skill development and strict on-the-job training. Such pattern of allocating highly skilled workers even for the lowest jobs is not observed in UK. Germany, in contrast, practices the best system of economy wide vocational educational training. The rate of formal consultation is highest in European countries like Germany, Italy, and Sweden where employees are highly valued (Brewster and Larsen, 2000) in contrast to US or UK. As a result, there exists convergence of skills in contrast to polarization of skills as has been reported in UK business leading to â€Å"dead-end and low-skilled employment† (Crouch, 1997, p. 372). German business has advantaged hugely from VET system which demands continuous retraining and up-skilling (Crouch, 1997, p. 372).

History Of Danish Furniture Design Cultural Studies Essay

History Of Danish Furniture Design Cultural Studies Essay Scandinavia is generally well-known for its design represented by pure and simple lines which is focusing on users needs. Nowadays people generally meet with design from north mainly in IKEA store however this is only one direction which was developed from Scandinavian Modernism with its origin in 1920 as Fiells (2002, pp. 8,16,18) explain. Denmark as one of the Scandinavian country also excels in design and especially in furniture objects. For example name as Arne Jacobsen speaks for success of Danish furniture design from 1950s and 1960s as this period has been so far the most celebrated (Danish Design Centre, 2009) not only among Danes. However does this affirmation automatically leads to a conviction that the same can be asserted about Danish graphic design? It should not be a matter of fact to consider that product design and graphic design are developing the same and therefore they need to be on the same level. These two disciplines are not identical to which heads an attitude that Danish graphic design is in the shadow of Danish furniture design. To advance towards to the design situation in Denmark this work will concentrate on development of these two art disciplines from their beginnings through the contemporary works up to the young artists and companies who supposedly can form the future of the furniture and graphic design in Denmark. 2. HISTORY OF DANISH FURNITURE DESIGN To better understand why Danish product design and specially furniture design became internationally rather well known than the graphic design, in the first following paragraphs will be described certain parts of the history which had an impact on the development of design in Denmark. Furthermore these two areas of design will be firstly analysed separately based on historical consecution which caused future international success or failure of these disciplines. One of the most iconic design from Denmark according to Fiells (2002, p. 30) which brought fame to Danish furniture design is a chair number 3107 created by Arne Jacobsen. However before all of the achievements of this talented man can be enumerated, much more have to be described from the history of Denmark. Fiells (2002, pp. 20,22) indicate that Danish tradition of craftsmanship go down back up to the Viking Age when Danes learned how to process existing materials for producing objects for everyday use. With such deep history of craftsmanship, they were able to learn how to create quality made products. Nevertheless the production of industrial design absolutely began at the end of eighteenth century by foundation of Royal Copenhagen Porcelain Manufactury. During many years Danes were influenced by various elements but the main principles always stayed the same. Function, beauty and good choice of material can be found in almost all designs which were created in Denmark even tens y ears ago. The Authors who are engaged in the theme of Scandinavian design (Fiells, 2002, p. 23; Bhaskaran 2005, p. 168) clarify that all these elements formed in late 1930s art movement Danish Modernism which is a part of Scandinavian Modernism and last up to the present days. 2.1 Kaare Klint Since there are many significant designers in the history of Denmark it is impossible to mentioned all of them. Therefore only the most important names which moved Danish design forward will be presented. As Fiells (2002, p. 352) assert, Kaare Klint was the first furniture designer who accentuated the importance of proportions of human body with a design of chairs. With his students at Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen at the furniture department he examined previous styles in order to develop better objects which would satisfied user even more. This different approach towards a process of designing helped him for example to create in 1933 the Deck chair (figure 01). This specific rest chair let to relax head due to added pillow or legs by movable lengthening part. By his unique attitude Klint influenced many of his students and moved Danish furniture design to another level. Furthermore as Fiells (2002, p. 23) emphasise since the days of Kaare Klint the origins of Dani sh and Scandinavian Modernism can be dating. 2.2 Poul Henningson designer of PH lamps In relation to the iconic Danish design objects, the PH lamps (figure 02) need to be involved. PH stands for the name of Poul Henningson who produced during his life more then 100 projects of lights as Fiells (2002, p. 243) indicate. Henningson as Klint also came with new approach, however not to the design of furniture but to the lightning. As Fiells (2002, p. 26) point Poul Henningson demanded a new view to the design. With an invention of light bulb the designer himself argued (Louis Poulsen Lighting, 2008) that not many lamps creator knew how to design pleasant artificial light. Henningson studied stages of the daylight and tried to applied found knowledges to his design of lightening. As Fiells (2002, p. 242) emphasize, Henningson was able to create set of lamps with shadings and coloured edges which did not illuminate the room by direct light. He was one of the first who required to design products for everyday use which can be bought not only by high classes of society in Denm ark but by everyone. Therefore while Klint was producing his furniture in few pieces from each design, Henningson started to manufacture his products massively. As Lauritsen (2004, p. 128) indicates the dark winter in Denmark forced people to use artificial lightning. Because of long dark evenings and affordable prices, it is supposed that PH lamps became very popular among Danes. In addition due to the well-developed concept and modern design, Henningsons lightings became a cult design object which is well-known in Denmark as well as abroad. 2.3 Arne Jacobson the most iconic Danish designer However the designer who brought most fame to the Danish design in general and whose works continue to be produced and sold successfully all over the world was still not mentioned. His name is Arne Jacobsen and as Fiells (2002, p. 296) assert, he is known for being the most famous designer and architecture creating in the middle of the twentieth century in Denmark. In area of architecture according to Byars (1994, p. 277) Jacobsen was inspired by European architects such as Le Corbusier or Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Due to this influence, in late 1920s he was the first who introduced Functionalism to Denmark by his project House of the future. Nevertheless this was only the beginning of his all achievements. Between the years 1958-1960 Jacobsen was in charge of a construction of SAS Royal Hotel in Copenhagen. But Jacobsen was not responsible for the building only as a architect but also as a designer of interior including furnishing from chairs to door handles. Comparing design of the building with the furniture and other objects which were created mainly for the guest rooms and lobby, Jacobsen succeeded more as a designer then an architect. The building of the hotel (obrazek) is identified by straight lines and cannot be overlooked mainly because of its heigh. Even Jacobsen himself admitted (Republic of Fritz Hansen, 2009) that many people who saw the building did not like its architecture. The furniture with its most famous Swan and Egg (figure 03) chair originally compete to the exterior by rounded lines. Regarding the design of mentioned Egg chair, few literature exploring design of products (Phaidon Design Classics 334-666, 2006, pp. 493,513; Byars, 1994, p. 277) claim that the firs t concept of this chair was resembling to the creation of Norwegian designer Henry Klein. Warning which was sent to Jacobsen need to be taken positively because he was forced to improve the Egg chair with futuristic rounded shapes of shell which made the design timeless. In addition Jacobsen designed also the Swan chair which creates the remaining part of the couple. As Fiells (2002, p. 302) emphasize, these two design objects were not significant only in the  hotel lobby and rooms but later on for furniture design generally. However the Swan not even the Egg chairs are still not the most famous. Before Arne Jacobsen started to work on project for SAS he designed the Ant (figure 04) and the Series 7 (figure 05) chairs. The Ant chair which was designed firstly in the year 1952 created big design attention when was introduced to public, as Heaths and Jensen (2000, p. 160) clarify. Moreover in 1955 Jacobsen presented developed version of the Ant chair the Series 7 chair, known also as a chair no. 3107 which Fiells (2002, p. 30) describe as one of the best-selling chairs of all-time, but also one of  the most iconic products of Danish design. With the first fabrication of the Ant chair is engaged a  story when Arne Jacobsen came to the front manufacturer Frintz Hansen with a  plea for a  production of his design. Unfortunately Hansen refused his request because of the high expenses for output. However he would offer him a cooperation but only if Jacobsen found a purchaser for his order. As Bo Rasmus sen (konggullerod, 2006), a factory manager of Fritz Hansen tells, Jacobsen found a costumer with demand after 300 chairs and the production could start. This anecdote clearly shows that behind the success of Jacobsens chairs is not only modern design but also a luck. Another statement pointed by Heaths and Jensen (2000, p. 113) which can clarify the success of the Ant and the Series 7 chair is its lightness and storage ability. This made the product easy to export and helped to spread this furniture out of Denmark and become known internationally. 2.4 Verner Panton designer of one-piece chair The last dominant designer who will be introduced in the next paragraphs, took completely different approach to the design of furniture than all mentioned artists above. Verner Panton, as Dickson (2006, p. 265) indicate, tried to use different materials than wood or leather, for example plastic. He was also avoiding natural colours and rather preferred colours such as red, yellow, purple or blue. As Byars (1994, p. 424) describe, before Panton started to work on many of his psychedelic furniture he was a part of Arne Jacobsens studio where he got a chance to be present in development of many well-known objects such as mentioned Ant chair. As Dickson (2006, p. 267) asserts, although Panton studied in Denmark and was surrounded by its design his gamesome fantasy and admiration for future were reflected in his work so dramatically that no company in Denmark was able to manufacture his projects. Therefore he decided to leave to Switzerland and to cooperate with Vitra company which had necessary technology to produce his most famous Panton Chair (figure 06). This iconic design object was long time in process before it could come to the production in 1967. While this chair was interesting for not having back abutment and for its utilization of a plastic with which there was not much experience, this design was created only from one piece, as Dickson (2006, p. 267) emphasized. These reasons and facts made Panton design world famous and contributed to the larger admiration of Danish product design. 3. HISTORY OF DANISH GRAPHIC DESIGN TILL 1960 In relation to all mentioned famous design products from Denmark, the Danish graphic design history also need to be mentioned to compare achievements of these two areas. 3.1 Thorvald Bindesbà ¸ll first Danish graphic designer According to Ejlers (1997, pp. 58-59) the first artist who can be signed as a graphic designer was an  architect and product designer Thorvald Bindesbà ¸ll. Number of his works in area of graphic design is not extensive however for the Danish graphic design history there is one work which need to be mentioned. Architect Bindesbà ¸ll designed a logo and a label for Danish famous beer Carlsberg (figure 07) in 1904. Folkmann (2007) emphasizes that until then most of the graphic works produced in Denmark adapted typefaces mainly from Germany, except for Bindesbà ¸ll. Although he did not produced much works in area of graphic art he is reputable for the new approach to a design of typefaces. Instead of only accepting offered design from abroad, Bindesbà ¸ll created new type only for Carlsberg which the company with small changes has been using up to this day. This logo and its designer showed new direction to the Danish graphic design. Nevertheless in the course of several years the solution for Carlsbergs logo can be understood similar to typeface of Coca Cola. Although the typeface of Carlsberg does not appear handwritten as Coca Cola, there still can be found certain resemblance which does not make the logo outstanding for its design in the period when most of the letter design where inspired by a handwriting. Generally people are buying beer for its taste not for the logo itself and this is also a case of Carlsberg. Ejlers (1997, p. 61) himself assumes that graphic works of Bindesbà ¸ll usually did not follow any typographic rules because he treated letters as pictures. On the other hand he was the only artist among the famous graphic designers of the first half of twentieth century who achieved to created logo which has been in use both nationally and internationally for more than 100 years. 3.2 Architects in graphic design As was mentioned above, the logo was made by artist whose original profession was an architect. In the article by Ejlers (1997, p. 58), the author discusses a subject about graphic works done mainly in the first half of the twentieth century such as street signs, telephone directories, book covers or posters which where mostly created by architects. This reality could be caused by a fact that in Denmark during the first 50 years of twentieth century were no graphic design schools. As was already written, most of the typefaces where applied from German design therefore there was no need to employ graphic artists. When Carlsberg wished to have an original logo the company asked Thorvald Bindesbà ¸ll however not as an architect but as a graphic designer. Another well known architect and designer Knud V. Engelhart who was creating after Bindesbà ¸ll were influenced by his few works that he produced in the area of graphic design. Ejlers (1997, p. 62) explains that Engelhardts first work s were affected by Bindesbà ¸lls ornamental lettering. While later on he was able to develop his own style which can be seen for example on the typeface design of street signs done for north part of Copenhagen. His successor Gunnar Billmann Petersen, who cooperated with Ib Andersen who as well studied at School of Architecture, was also influenced at the beginning by works of his teacher. All these mentioned artists were sharing their experience and were influencing their successors however they created imaginary closed line of graphic designers which could not be often entered by others. This was true till year 1951 as Dickson (2006, p. 485) describes when Billmann Petersen became a professor of the first Department for Industrial design in history of Denmark at Copenhagens Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Students studying under this department were taught to design posters or typefaces as well as products such as lights or cars. More specialization was achieved in 1959 when the department was divided into the Industrial design programme and the first Graphic design programme leaded by already mentioned Billmann Petersen. Opening of this department gave new possibilities to students and to Danish graphic design in general. 3.3 Comparison with Europe However from comparing a foundation of the first Danish Department of Graphic design with for example German Bauhaus explicitly results how late this department was opened. Arntson (2007, p.  32) indicates that the Bauhaus was founded already in 1919 which shows a difference of 40 years. While the Bauhaus was already influencing not only graphic design but also other areas of art in Europe, Denmark was locked in a line of graphic architects creating one by one. On the other hand to point that in Denmark at the beginning of twentieth century was also another name than Bindesbà ¸ll or Petersen, an artist Valdemar Andersen must be mentioned. As Dickson (2006, p. 497) described, this painter worked also as an illustrator, interior designer or creator of packagings. His art was influenced and inspired mostly by French Art Nouveau which is visible from one of his commercial poster done for the newspapers The Politiken (figure 08) in 1908. His works were ornamental and simply ingenious. The use of colours and decoration elements in Andersens posters makes from him truly artist with feelings for composition. Nevertheless beside the graphic art growing in Europe in the first half of the twentieth century, Danish graphic design was not so courageous. From the works of Danish typeface designers can be remarked that they did not experiment much with the typography such as artist of the Bauhaus or Dadaism. Therefore they were not so remarkable and memorable as for example Guillaume Apollinaire or generally Swiss design. Moreover, if the Danish graphic design history will be compared to the history of Danish furniture design some differences showing backwardness of this art discipline could implicate. When graphic design started to be taught at Royal Academy in Copenhagen in 1959 the furniture design department was already training its students for 35 years. In addition while first students began to form the future of graphic design, Denmark could already be proud of design objects such as PH lamps or Jacobsens Ant chair. Till the year 1959 Denmark was still missing graphic design pieces which could be proudly sent to the international environment. 4. DANISH GRAPHIC DESIGN AFTER 1959 So far the paragraphs above were examining the events from the first half of the twentieth century. To be more precise till the year 1960, except for the Pantone chair which was produced in 1967. During the mentioned period the Danish art of graphic design did not succeed internationally as the  furniture products. Most of the iconic furniture design where created around 1950 while graphic design works were still at the beginning of its development. However when the first graphic department was established Danish graphic design expected improvement within this art area by arrival of new talented graphic designers. 4.1 Claus Achton Friss designer of Kingdom of Denmark To see how the graphic design situation has developed or not after the foundation of the first graphic department, the works of current designers will be introduced. The first artist who will be presented is Claus Achton Friss. Even he established his own studio already in 1950, most of his famous works came into being within next 30 years as Ejlers (1997, p. 71) reported. His design is well-known among Danes because most of them were done for the Kingdom of Denmark, for example Queen Margrethes monogram (figure 09) from the year 1976, embassy sign or national arms. As Ejlers also emphasized (1997, pp. 71-72) Friss was exceptional by his solutions of situations when he missed suitable fonts. He designed his own to fit with the client identity therefore Friss left behind a big amount of fonts. To examine the Queens monogram, as it is one of his most significant work, this design will be compared to monogram of the Swedish and British royal family members (figure 10,11). So far as both of the shown Danish and British monograms are for the queens, Frisss design appeals more feminine then another. The elegance in the design of thin lines suits to women generally more than bold letters. However the British solution shows power and hide femininity which can indicate to a  vulnerability that is a character incongruous with governance. Overall Friss was able to design suitable projects for Danish kingdom to represent itself with dignity which classified him among reputable Danish designers. 4.2 Ole Sà ¸ndergaard designer of pictograms and traffic signs If a good artist was determined by number of prizes, Ole Sà ¸ndergaard would be certainly one of them. Since the 1980 when the IG prizes for Danish graphic designers began to be awarded, from the information given by Schenstrà ¸m (2010) Ole Sà ¸ndergaard has already received six prizes given by Danish Design Centre. Additionally as Sà ¸ndergaard (Ole Sà ¸ndergaard, no date) indicates he was awarded by another 7 prices but only one of them from 1992 the European Community Design Prize was international. Considering the time period when he was working on most of his projects the number of awards should be interpreted as a success for Sà ¸ndergaards works. According to Dickson (2006, pp. 489,496), Sà ¸ndergaard is known in his home country as a designer of pictograms and road signs which he was creating during the last 10 years of twentieth century. Pictograms and all signs generally need to be simple and understandable therefore most of the Sà ¸ndergaards works are mainly simplified forms of symbols which were in the use before 1990. However comparing Ole Sà ¸ndergaards logo design to another graphic designer who was living and creating in the same time but in the different country shows lack of creativity in his works. Jan Solpera is a Czech graphic artist who also studied at university during 1960s as DvoÃ…â„ ¢Ãƒ ¡k (2010) affirms. Solpera was designing logos as Sà ¸ndergaard but on the contrary he participated in projects where he literally played and experimented with typography which is visible from his posters (figure 12). Sà ¸ndergaard on the other hand created technically clean design however with standard quality ( figure 13) where the creativity which would move his design to another level is missing. 4.3 Per Mollerup designer of Copenhagens airport signs Dickson (2006, p.493) suggests that Per Mollerup is also an important part of Danish graphic design since him with his studio was awarded for the Copenhagens airport signage (figure 14). With projects such as information and navigation systems the emphasis is placed on the user and his easier understanding of symbols rather than on a graphic aspect which is also important however it goes to the second place. While Per Mollerup was designing the airport sign he decided to stay with the proven combination of dark background and light lettering as many other airports (figure 15), in his case black and yellow. Therefore he was able to create simple navigation for travellers passing through Copenhagen airport which has been in use already for 20 years, as Dickson (2006, p.493) indicates. 4.4 Bo Linnemann and Kontrapunkt Another contemporary designer which can compete with Ole Sà ¸ndergaard by numbers of received awards is Bo Linnemann. Except approximately 12 prizes from Danish Design Centre, Linnemann received also several international as different sources (Danish Faces, 2007; Schenstrà ¸m, 2010) show. In comparison with Sà ¸ndergaard, Bo Linnemann together with two other partners founded about 25 years ago the Kontrapunkt firm. It is a design and brand company which operates not only in Denmark but also in Japan, as the agency (Kontrapunkt, 2010) reports. Graphic works of Kontrapunkt are distinguished mainly by light colours and simplicity of design solutions which make them appeal purely, modern and minimalistic. The best examples which would represent style of the studio are projects of visual identities for Danish chemists (figure 16) or Japanese Tasaki which produced pearl jewellery (figure 17). It is probably because of Danish liking for simplicity that Kontrapunkt is in charge of design for public places such as Billund airport, Movia transfer, Danish Railways or Copenhagens tourist centre where the Danish graphic design is mediated to tourist and foreigners. 4.5 Graphic and furniture design at the end of twentieth century These mentioned designers has been working in graphic area after the first graphic design department at Royal Academy was established. Even they have created larger amount of works than graphic designers from the line of architects, compared to success of furniture designers this art continuously missing the iconic design as appeared in Danish product design in form of Ant chair or PH lamps. Graphic design works are considerably less imaginative, challenging and playful than the furniture design objects. Although all the design is technically well-done the idea for the design solution is in general standard. Awarded graphic designers such as Kontrapunkt, Ole Sà ¸ndergaard or Per Mollerup, as Schenstrà ¸m (2010) reported, were given repetitively the prizes for commercial projects which were limited in area of creativity. These designers were not awarded for creative works which would allowed them express themselves entirely. But for more serious works such as airport or traffic sign s that need to follow given rules. In general from all presented graphic works and designers can be seen that Danes understand graphic design more as a means for a commercial communication rather then an art tool. 5. FUTURE OF DANISH DESIGN Even nowadays, time is passing faster then ever, the Art cannot become iconic over a night. Designers who were designing their works within past 10 years still cannot be fairly appreciated because society needs to evaluate these arts with some time distance. This statement is supported by the fact that Danish Design prizes for graphic design were not awarded right after the establishment of the first graphic department. It toke 20 years when the first graphic design project was given the IG prize as is known (Danish Design Centre, 2008, p.35) because Denmark had a need of time for graphic designers to gain experience. Artist who were presented in the paragraphs before are according to different mentioned sources so far the best of Danish graphic design. However they cannot be equaled to names such as Arne Jacobsen or Verner Panton as their works are not so iconic as works of Danish furniture designers. 5.1 Young Danish graphic designers and studios With arrival of new technologies, forms of graphic design are changing all around the world. From the end of nineteenth century till almost the end of twentieth one of the most powerful medium was a poster, in general prints. Despite of its previous popularity this medium has being supplied by more digital art such as websites or digital panel and it is presumptive that posters will slowly disappeared (BlaÃ…Â ¾ek et al., 2010). Therefore future generation of graphic designers are adapting themselves to the new call in graphic industry. There are many artists who were influenced by the digitalization and now mainly work with popular computer graphic such as Aastrud Sigrid and Bay Thomas (Worldwide graphic design, Scandinavia, 2009, p. 222) as can be seen from examples of their works for Ford (figure 18). Or Stefan Mylleager (Worldwide graphic design, Scandinavia, 2009, p. 223) who creates mainly motion graphic videos (figure 19) and CD covers. Not only these artists but many other s will probably develop this art direction which is due to the internet and other modern technologies, which spread information quickly and everywhere, a matter not only of Denmark but global. However there is another group of artists which creates in different direction. It could be probably caused by the big digital press that some young designers rather based their creations on handwork, usually in illustrations which are afterwards retouched in graphic programs than only on computers. Some of them can be seen in the publication presenting Scandinavian graphic designers (Worldwide graphic design, Scandinavia, 2009, pp.  222-223) such as Ehlers Sune who illustrates his Duudle creatures (figure 20), brothers Rune and Esben Fisker who create animation videos and illustrations (figure 21) or Thoberk Jakob who worked in Spild Af Tid design studio focusing on different kind of media done by animation or illustration. Another young artist Karina Petersen who is mentioned by Devroye (2010) experiments with typography by different forms of expression (figure 22). All these mentioned designers present new view to graphic design either by digital art or illustrations. Nevertheless most of them express themselves more openly and playfully than the generation before which is the approach that Danish graphic design was missing. Moreover nowadays modern era with its technologies helps present artists easier and faster beyond the borders of Denmark. On the other hand they are facing to large competition in which they have to success. 5.2 Future of Danish furniture design The biggest success for Danish design was in 1950s and 1960s but since this time period Danish furniture products have not achieved such popularity. It seams that designers are aware of this situation because as Danish Design Centre (Danish Design Centre, 2009) remarked, within past several years relatively young companies began to introduce new quality products to the market. Hay is one of the firm which realises that Denmark cannot live only from the fame of previous generation but need to continue and develop. As Danish Design Centre (Danish Design Centre, 2008) also indicates, by cooperation with young artists Hay was able to create successful company with creative furniture solutions only within seven years. Their products such as the Blow chair (figure 23) or the Princess chair respects the elements of Danish Modernism as simplicity, importance of good usage of materials, quality technics of production and focus on user. Furthermore they do not only copy existing products howev er they bring something new and original into the Danish design of furniture. 6. CONCLUSION From the beginning of the twentieth century when the line of architects was working on graphic design projects and not even after the first establishment of the graphic design department. Danes have not been able to create graphic art which would become so iconic as furniture products from 1950s and 1960s. Most of the works were technically well made but missed ideas which would create from them better art then only standard. Comparing Danish graphic design works with others from Europe a lack of creativity can be found in their design solutions. This can be caused by working mostly on commercial projects where the creativity is usually limited by instructions and wishes of client. However this cannot be asserted about the furniture design consisted of iconic Ant, Egg or Panton chairs and PH lamps which are admired and well-sold even after 60 years from the day they were created. The Danish modernism, as the furniture design in Denmark is collectively called, is known for the emphasis on function, the use of simple lines, the focus on good choice of materials and quality production. These principles were consider by Arne Jacobsen in 1950s as well as by designers working on chairs for Hay more than 50 years later. And this is the matter which creates Danish furniture design so powerful. 7. REFERENCES Arntson, A.E. (2007) Graphic Design Basics. 5th edn. United States of America: Clark Baxter. Bhaskaran, L. (2005) Designs of the Times. Translated by Jana Novotnà ¡. Reprint, Prague: Nakladatelstvà ­ Slovart s.r.o., 2007. BlaÃ…Â ¾ek, F., Bosà ¡k, P., Jans, R., Novà ¡k, R.V. and Solpera, J. (2010) Role and future of the poster. [Discussion]. 18 November. Byars, M. (ed.) (1994) The design encyclopedia. New York: John Wiley Sins, Inc. Danish Design Centre (2009) Danish Design Past and Present | DDC Dansk Design Centre. Available at: http://en.ddc.dk/article/danish-design-past-and-present (Accessed: 20 October 2010). Danish Design Centre (2008) Hay: Growth via sustainable and innovative design | DDC Dansk Design Centre. Available at: http://en.ddc.dk/case/hay-growth-sustainable-and-innovative-design (Accessed: 20 October 2010). Danish Design Centre (2008) The Danish Des