Summary Of Balzac And The Little Chinese Seamstress

Whether it be the re-education or just coming of age, the Narrator in Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress by Dai Sijie develops monumentally. In this passage, The Narrator was caught retelling the tailor a story he had read. However, the headman put forth a proposition. If Luo (the Narrator’s friend) can fix his tooth, he will not report the Narrator to the Security Office. The headman is both respected and feared yet in reality, he is quite vulnerable. This is proven during his tooth procedure performed by Luo. The Narrator’s reaction to the surgery reveals his desire to get revenge on the headman. The passage starts out with an in-depth description of the headman’s extracted tooth. The fragile state of his tooth is espied along†¦show more content†¦There are no coral reefs in this secluded, mountainous region nor in the Chinese city he grew up in. He must have learned this from somewhere, like a forbidden book from Four-Eyes. This is a double hit at the headman. Not only is he making fun of his ‘fang†, but he is also using the knowledge he learned from books to do so. All of these details prove that the headman does have the body of an admirable leader. Who would want to listen to someone with â€Å"tobacco-stained teeth?†. Medical diction and jargon such as â€Å"scientific aid†, â€Å"diagnosis†, â€Å"syphilis†, â€Å"extracted†, and â€Å"decayed† are included to declare that Luo is more knowledgeable than the headman. Both Luo and the Narrator were sent to re education in the first place because their parents were in the medical field. Now, Luo’s medical familiarity is greatly needed. How ironic. This is not to say that dental hygiene makes or breaks a good leader, but, generally those in charge are treated well because of their power. The Narrators realization that the headman is not physically fit adds to the fuel of wanting revenge. Because the Narrator is so focused on the poor condition of the headmans teeth, it is revealed to the reader that he feels some pleasure in seeing the headman suffer. He focuses on the the gore and discomfort of the tooth rather than expressing any sort of sympathy. As far as the procedure goes, a sewing machine is utilized to perform the operation. When theShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Balzac And The Little Chinese Seamstress972 Words   |  4 Pagesinstalled a communist government led by Mao in the mid 20th century. As part of their new regime, China instituted a process of re-education, where citizens would be educated in the ways of communist principles. The book Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress details two young Chinese men, the narrator and his friend Luo, in the early 1970’s who have been forced to undergo this process of Re-education. They have been sent to a small village in rural China, far from the life of the large city in whichRead MoreSummary Of Balzac And The Little Chinese Sea mstress901 Words   |  4 PagesIn Dai Sijie’s 2001 novel, Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress, the narrator is constantly evolving, and adapting to his new life. The passage being looked at here details one of his final ‘major’ changes. The narrator, Luo, and the tailor have teamed up in effort to help the Headman with a bad tooth that has been bothering him. Throughout this passage, as previously mentioned, the narrator undergoes a change. What makes it notable, however, is that it’s not necessarily a change that he’s veryRead MoreSummary Of Balzac And The Little Chinese Seamstress756 Words   |  4 PagesDai Sijie’s book â€Å"Balzac And The Little Chinese Seamstress† is a novel about the life story and adventures of a boy (Narrator) and his friend Luo. They are being re-educated in a mountain village in China. Once in awhile, when they would have a day off of working in the fields/mines, they would leave their village to vi sit either the Little Seamstress (Luo’s girlfriend) or their friend Four Eyes. One day, Narrator and Luo went to Four Eyes’s house and discovered that he had a mysterious suitcase

informative speech Video games Essay - 912 Words

Nicholas Frimel COM121 10/11/2014 Glick Topic: Video games in America Specific Purpose: To inform my COM121 class on how video games are part of peoples lives. Central Idea: Focusing on how games are incorperated in peoples lives by viewing the time spent playing, relationships through video games, how video games are for all people, and the social aspect that is incorperated in the video games. Introduction Attention-getter: 59% of americans play video games, there are two gamers in each household in the U.S. People of all†¦show more content†¦1. The average U.S gamers age 13 or older spend 6.3 hours a week playing video games 2. The average Americans ages 15 and older spends 1.23 hours eating and drinking per day. 3. The average Americans ages 15 and older spend caring for children and others is .72 hours per day. 4. The average Americans ages 15 and older spend .48 hours of Educational activties per day. (Link: Now that you see how people incorperate there games into their day, lets look at relationships through video games) II. Video games also incorperate relationships for people. A. One relationship is an intimate relationship. 1. There have been cases of people finding their husband or wife through video games. B. Another relationship is friendship. 1. People play online and connect with other people, then add them as a friend, thus being able to play with and socialize with them. C. Also it incorperates family relationships. 1. One way is by playing and interacting with distant family members. 2.Another way is spending time playing video games with your child, spouse, or brother/sister. D. Last relationship is a in-game relationship. 1. When you play certaint video games you build a relationship with the A.I and (Link: Now that you see how video games relate to relationships, lets checkout who plays video games.) III. Now,Show MoreRelatedInformative Speech : Video Games And Violence1316 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Video Games and Violence General Purpose: To Persuade Specific Purpose: My audiences will stop playing video games long enough not to cause people to exhibit aggressive behavior. Proposition: We should not play video games for long periods of time in order to avoid addiction and aggression Introduction: I. Attention Getter: * To start off how many of you guys play video games? (Video) Imagine you’re the person playing this video game. How do youRead MoreInformative Speech Evolution of Video Games Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagesworld of video games. Ever since then technology has grown incredibly now making a fun hobby out of it that people can really enjoy. I myself have made it a hobby and try to keep up with all the latest devolvement’s in the gaming world. Some of my fondest memories are from when I was about 4 years old and I would wake up and go play Mario with my grandpa on my old Nintendo 64. Today I’m going to explain the past of video gaming, where we are today and what is to come of the video games in the futureRead MoreInformative Speech NFL Concussions Essay792 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Informative Speech Outline INTRODUCTION 1. Creative Attention Getter a. My creative attention getter will be playing a video with some hard helmet-to-helmet hits in the NFL 2. Thesis Statement a. Football is a hard-hitting sport and can cause concussions, head injuries, and even permanent brain damage. 3. Preview of the main points a. Concussions can be defined as â€Å"by immediate and transient alteration in brain function, including alteration of mental status and level of consciousness, resultingRead MoreLegal Issues Game Developers Face720 Words   |  3 PagesLegal Issues Game Developers Face Every industry must work within the confines of the law. It should come as no surprise that the video game industry is not immune. Common red flags like Copyright infringement, using the likeness of others, or 1st amendment concerns, are volatile problems that can hinder the progress with any studio. Learning how to identify major issues such as these can help a company avoid legal ramifications in the long run. Three interesting cases that highlight these issuesRead MoreStudy Report On Localization Of Game1928 Words   |  8 PagesLocalization of Game Text in Grandpa Abstract Guided by the functionalist theory, this report attempts to explore the feasible strategies and practical methods of the localization in video games, by conducting a case study on the localization of the video game Grandpa. It is hopeful that this report shall help with the actual translation on video games and inspire further researches referring to the field. Introduction As the world s largest test cult phenomenon (Grossman, 2004: 27), video games have alreadyRead MoreThe Type Of Speech : An Informative Speech1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe type of speech: An informative speech. The topic: An informative speech on the importance of diverse children’s literature and the relation of diverse children’s literature and youth literacy. My company: I am an employee at a children’s literature publishing company that is looking to branch out into the international/global market. Speech title: The Importance of Diverse Children s Literature THESIS STATEMENT Fostering a love of reading at a young age is important. Childhood literacy isRead Moreinformative speech1255 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Title: Information Speech Outline â€Å"The Evolution of Animation† Subject Code: USEL 23 - Speech Communication Prepared For: Datin Minda Hassan Prepared By: Nur Rabiatul Adawiyah Bt Mohd Nor Kamarudin (1411170007) Class: Oregon Program: ADFP Summer 2014 Preparation Outline Informative Speech â€Å"The Evolution of Animation – From 2D Animation to 3D Animation† General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience the evolution of animation. CentralRead MoreEsports: Informative Paper1250 Words   |  5 Pagesto Comm Informative Speech Outline Introduction I. Attention-Grabbing introduction: Staple center, Los Angeles, California. Friday November, 4th 2013 1:24PM The Championship match. After a weekend full of ups and downs, twist and turns it all comes to this. 1 week earlier, the previous Friday thousands have flown down to the heart of it all. Crowded around the event hall doors, people everywhere, spectators itching to get the best seats. Players going over in game builds, timingsRead MoreChildhood Obesitiy Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesInformative Speech 1 Outline Childhood Obesity Planning Block General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform the audience of the importance of childhood obesity Central Idea: Childhood obesity is an epidemic that is sweeping across America and will continue to get worse unless the problem is faced head on. Introduction Hook: Introduce myself. Then start talking about the â€Å"Maury Povich† show when there are fat babies. Then talk about how they think it may be funny/cuteRead More junk and shit Essay1673 Words   |  7 Pagesas the use of one’s powers to physically or mentally inflict injury on another. It is spread throughout the world by many different medians. The main ones being: television, cinema, video games, and music. All of these have useful and very beneficial qualities. The potential for educational and informative programing is phenomenal, yet we still choose to poison our minds with useless information and meaningless trash. Television programs have turned from entertainment and are now filled

Finding Forrester Esssay free essay sample

There are some people in this world who are too afraid to face reality, so instead, they hide away from It. They close themselves up from the world, and dont even try to be happy. Instead, they drown themselves In misery. In the novel Finding Forrester by James W. Ellison, there Is a battle of breaking out of a shell, letting people In ones life, and learning to let go of ones past. In order to be happy, one must let go from their past, move on, and reach out. Learning to go out in the open with ones shield only half way up, and living life how its meant to be to be lived, and letting go of whats holding a person back.In the novel, Kamala is still angry at his father for leaving him and his family until Forrester made one simple action that erased the negative thoughts of his father. We will write a custom essay sample on Finding Forrester Esssay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Forrester squeezed his shoulder. It was the first physical contact the old writer had ever initiated, and suddenly Kamala thought of his father and thought of him without bitterness or resentment. It was a good feeling to be free of the dark thoughts he had harbored for so long. The old writers touch meant 133). Kamala looked up to Forrester and saw him as a father figure.It brought a burst of Joy In Jambs heart for being able to remember his father In a positive attitude all because Forrester squeezed his shoulder. For many years, in the novel Finding Forrester, Foresters past of his brother kept haunting him, and overwhelmed him with unbearable pain and guilt. Many people carry a lot of pain and guilt because of something that happened to them in their life, so they Just give up on themselves. Forrester gave up on his life because of what happened to his brother many years ago.

Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind Essays - Penology, Criminology

Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind Out of sight, out of mind. California's ?Three Strikes? law is based loosely on that very philosophy. When someone is a repeat violator of the criminal justice system, the best solution is to just lock him or her away for a life term without the possibility of parole. We should disregard any of the positive accomplishments these individuals have possibly made to society, their families and their ability to change their lives. Possibly the next step is to simply execute these repeat offenders. Why continue to spend the tax money of hard working Americans to support these criminals? Unfortunately, attitudes like the one just conveyed are too common and are fueling the fire of the ?Three Strikes? law. Out of sight, out of mind has never been a sound solution to any problem, and the ?Three Strikes? law is not a solution. The idea of locking up a repeat offender of the criminal justice system for life is incredibly too convenient. As human beings, most of us will respond to nurture and education. When dealing with criminals, this becomes known as rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is not something that always comes on the first try. In a very broad sense, it is like learning how to ride a bicycle. You try, and try again until you eventually are riding smoothly and freely down the street. Of course, you fall off. You might even fall twice, or three times, but eventually you do get it. Alcoholics do not always get sober the first time they attend Alcoholics Anonymous. Very often, it takes several attempts; this means several relapses into their dependency on alcohol. Once they are sober, they need to continue their rehabilitation for life. They need to continue with their weekly meetings and with the interaction of other rehabilitated alcoholics. These are the principals that need to be applied to criminals . The argument could be made that some crimes do not merit a second chance at freedom or even rehabilitation. This is true. Murderers, rapists, pedophiles and other violent offenders are an exclusive group of criminals who should serve a severe prison sentence. Repeat offenders of these crimes should absolutely be locked away for life. The ?Three Strikes? law does not consider this. The circumstances of these offenses are never taken into consideration. Michael Riggs stole twenty dollars worth of vitamins and received a sentence of twenty-five years to life. He also had a criminal record and it was his past offenses not his current one that got him the lengthy sentence. Non-violent offenders need rehabilitation, not permanent captivity. The underlying idea here is that these criminals need help and rehabilitation at the very first offense. There is no denying that a criminal owes a debt to society and that jail time should be served. Programs need to be set up to rehabilitate criminals the first time they stray from justice. Prison to work programs will also create opportunities for these criminals to be able to find work after prison and have a purpose. A human being can not be put out of sight or out of mind, because we as Americans are not blind nor are we unforgiving.

Crispin, a gay man, is employed by Sun Loungers Essays

Crispin, a gay man, is employed by Sun Loungers Essays Crispin, a gay man, is employed by Sun Loungers Essay Crispin, a gay man, is employed by Sun Loungers Essay Crispin, a homosexual adult male, is employed by Sun Loungers Syndicate, a private company. Crispin is little, at merely over five pess, and has often been subjected to strong-arming at work by co-workers. The intimidation and torment involves both physical and verbal maltreatment, and consequences non merely from Crispin s sexual orientation but besides from the fact that he is brighter and more capable than any of his co-workers, including the proprietor and pull offing manager, who encourages the intimidation. Crispin has complained to the pull offing manager on a figure of occasions but has merely been told that he should move like a adult male and expression after himself. Recently one of Crispin s co-workers intentionally removed Crispin s chair as Crispin was about to sit down. As Crispin fell he put his manus out to seek and salvage himself but broke his carpus as a consequence. Crispin besides banged his caput really to a great extent on the land as he fell. The pull offing manager telephoned Crispin s homosexual spouse, Quentin, who instantly took Crispin to the Accident and Emergency Department of the Malheantun Hospital where a junior physician ordered X raies of his carpus, which was so put in plaster. The junior physician without analyzing Crispin s caput gave Crispin a prescription for paracetamol and told him that he would likely hold a sore caput for a few hours but that it would be better by the forenoon. In fact Crispin suffered terrible hurting in his caput for several hours until he finally lost consciousness. Crispin was rushed in an ambulance back to Malheantun Hospital and on the manner his bosom stopped but he was finally revived. At the infirmary Crispin s bosom stopped once more and he was revived once more. Doctors carried out a encephalon scan which revealed that Crispin had suffered a monolithic bleeding to the encephalon and extended encephalon harm as a consequence of a failure to handle it earlier. Quentin sat wit h Crispin who died two hours subsequently without recovering consciousness. A elaborate station mortem scrutiny revealed that the bleeding was ab initio non-life threatening and that if Crispin had been decently examined on his first visit to the infirmary, the status could hold been easy diagnosed and treated, and he would hold made a complete recovery. Quentin later suffers from station traumatic emphasis upset as a consequence of seeing his spouse dice in such fortunes. See the likely result of any claims that may be brought in carelessness: a ) against Sun Loungers Syndicate for Crispin s hurts ; and B ) against Malheantun Hospital for Crispin s decease ; and degree Celsiuss ) by Quentin against Malheantun Hospital for Quentin s psychiatric hurt. I would wish to get down by measuring ( B ) ; whether or non Crispin’s estate may be able to mount a successful action against Malheantun Hospital in the civil wrong of carelessness, for the analysis contained within will turn out to hold a ulterior bearing on our appraisal of ( a ) ; whether or non Crispin’s Estate may be able to mount a successful claim against his ex-employers, Sunloungers Syndicate, for his hurts, and/or decease. B ) against Malheantun Hospital for Crispin s decease In order to mount a successful claim in the civil wrong of carelessness against Malheantun Hospital, we must foremost set up the being of a responsibility of attention, and find the criterion of that responsibility. There is small uncertainty that any physician owes his patient a responsibility of attention ; even the earliest definitions of this construct have used the physician patient scenario as an example. It is nevertheless the finding of the criterion of this responsibility which may take to some contention ; the criterion of this responsibility, whist supposedly nonsubjective in nature, i.e. non taking the personal foibles of the suspect into history, will be modified in visible radiation of the professional position of the suspect ; in our instance nevertheless, whilst the physician in inquiry was merely a junior employee, it is improbable that the tribunal will let this doctor’s rawness to take down the duty-standard sufficiently to forbid Crispin’s claim. This was settled in the instance of Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority [ 1987 ] . In this instance it was held that the criterion was to be set by mention to the station held by the suspect in the unit that he operat ed. Of class the junior physician will non be expected to show the attention and accomplishment of a adviser, but he will still be expected to exert a high criterion of attention ; viz. , that of a competent physician. The precise criterion of the responsibility and the inquiry of whether or non this responsibility has been breached in our instance will be left up to the appropriate Judgess to make up ones mind [ Glasgow Corporation v Muir [ 1943 ] A.C. 448 at 457 ] . In our instance we are told that the encephalon haemorrhaging was a direct consequence of the carelessness of the go toing junior doctor, and if it was this which caused Crispin to decease, so without a uncertainty the physician should be held apt for what can merely by described as a fatal mistake on his portion, and an mistake which one would non anticipate of a reasonably competent physician. The facts nevertheless suggest that in fact it may hold been a cardiac apprehension which caused Crispin to decease. There is no indicant that it was the encephalon bleeding which caused Crispin to hold the apprehension, and as such, we can non be certain that the carelessness of the physician even contributed to his decease. If medical grounds could be admitted turn outing that the cardiac apprehension was a direct consequence of the junior doctor’s carelessness, so a successful claim against the Hospital Committee seems likely. If nevertheless no nexus can be established, so neither can a concatenation of causing associating the infirmary to Crispin’s decease, and the claim will doubtless neglect. In world it seems likely that it was the haemorrhaging which caused Crispin to endure a cardiac apprehension and dice, and as such I would reason that a claim against the Hospital for the vicarious liability of their employee, would be successful. The load of turn outing whether it was the haemorrhaging or non which lead to the cardiac apprehension will fall on the claimant [ as per Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [ 1997 ] 4 All ER 771 ] . a ) against Sun Loungers Syndicate for Crispin s hurts Crispin is an employee of Sun Loungers Syndicate, and as such is owed a particular common jurisprudence responsibility of attention by his employers. This responsibility was defined by Lord Wright, in the landmark instance of Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co v English [ 1938 ] AC 57 as the proviso of a competent staff of work forces, equal stuff, and a proper system with effectual supervision.’ The responsibility to supply a competent staff of work forces, includes the responsibility for an employer to develop and oversee his staff efficaciously. In our instance, it seems that Crispin’s employers were non right set abouting such supervising, and as such, may be apt for hurts suffered by Crispin as a consequence of this breach of responsibility. Let us measure the strength of a claim by Crispin against his employers in the civil wrong of carelessness, for ( a ) the psychological hurts suffered, ( B ) the physical hurts sustained, and ; ( degree Celsius ) his decease. a ) In respects to any psychiatric harm which Crispin has suffered as a consequence of this intimidation ; allow us look at the guidelines in regard of actions by employees against employers for stress-induced psychiatric harm, as set out by the Court of Appeal in Sutherland v Hatton [ 2002 ] EWCA Civ 76. In this instance it was stated that the threshold inquiry was whether or non the sort of injury suffered by the peculiar employee in inquiry was moderately foreseeable. It was besides stated that foreseeability depended upon the fact available to the employer, including whether the employee in inquiry gave any marks that would hold made such hurt foreseeable. In our instance, Crispin’s employers were informed of what was traveling on, and in fact seemed to take portion in the intimidation procedure themselves, and hence I have no uncertainty that should Crispin wish to claim for any psychiatric hurt caused by strong-arming at work, so the jurisprudence would happen that his e mployers were under a responsibility, and that their failure to take sensible stairss to forestall such torment, despite being informed of its being, would represent a breach of that responsibility. B ) In respects to the physical hurts which Crispin has suffered as a consequence of the intimidation against him ; presuming breach of the responsibility which arises by virtuousness of Crispin’s employment position, we must, in order to mount a successful claim for amendss, argue that the harm suffered was non so distant as to fall outside the range of sensible amendss, and that the harm suffered was as a direct consequence of the hurts inflicted by Crispin’s fellow employees. The physical hurt in inquiry was a broken carpus, although there may hold been farther physical hurts ensuing from a old period of sustained torment by his fellow colleagues. Let us concentrate on the broken carpus, for this is the lone physical hurt [ apart from Crispin’s subsequent decease ] , which is described in the facts provided. There is no uncertainty that this hurt was caused by the misconduct of the employees of the Syndicate in both jurisprudence and fact ; after all, the carpus would non hold been broken but for’ the action of traveling Crispin’s chair from under him [ as per the trial in Barnett v Kensington and Chelsea Hospital Management Committee [ 1969 ] 1 Q.B. 428 ] . I would therefore conclude that Crispin’s estate would hold small trouble in mounting a successful claim against Crispin’s ex-employers for their vicarious actions. ( degree Celsius ) In respects to a similar claim against the Syndicate for Crispin’s decease nevertheless, we immediately find ourselves with a job ; there is small uncertainty that Crispin would non hold died had his colleagues non pulled his chair out from under him in an act of intimidation, fulfilling the but for’ demand of causation in fact’ as per Barnett v Kensington and Chelsea Hospital Management Committee [ 1969 ] 1 Q.B. 428 but similarly, Crispin would likely non hold died had the go toing doctor performed a standard everyday caput scrutiny, or had Crispin non suffered from a cardiac apprehension [ presuming that the encephalon bleeding did non do such apprehension ( see above ) ] . Crispin’s employers may therefore argue that they are vicariously apt for their employee’s actions against Crispin, but that the decease suffered was non as a direct consequence of these action ; in kernel therefore, Crispin’s employers may reason that the doctor’s negligence/ Crispin’s cardiac apprehension served as anovus actus interveniens, i.e. an intervening cause which served to interrupt the concatenation of causing. Assuming that the haemorrhaging was proved to hold caused the apprehension which subsequently lead to Crispin’s decease, so the Syndicate may be successful in this defense mechanism ; step ining negligent medical intervention can sometimes be deemed to hold broken the concatenation of causing between an initial hurt and an exasperation of the hurt due to the medical intervention. However, this is non ever the instance. The issue comes down to an appraisal of whether or non the intervening act was independent of the original hurt. The job is that there is no strong organic structure of instance jurisprudence explicating precisely how this appraisal should be made. In The Oropesa [ 1943 ] , Lord Wright held that the intervening act in inquiry, viz. the master’s action in taking to the boat, should non be allowed to represent anovus actus intervieniensfor the intents of get the better ofing an action against the proprietors of the Manchester Regiment, ’ upon whom th e custodies of the casualty lay heavily’ [ Lord Wright, p32 at 37 ] . Even Lord Evans found this ultroneous’ assessment standard slightly doubtful, saying that, in this instance, for some ground Lord Wright found it necessary to travel outside the dictionary†¦ in order to place the sort of fortunes in which the suspect might discontinue to be apt for what could otherwise be considered the effects of his act. As another usher to our appraisal, in Webb v Barclays Bank Plc [ 2001 ] EWCA Civ 1141, the step ining act of the physician was held to represent a valid interruption in the concatenation of causing, as the medical intervention in inquiry had been wholly inappropriate’ . In our instance, non merely did the decease of the Crispin lay to a great extent on the custodies of the negligent physician, but besides, the actions taking to the doctor’s carelessness were clearly inappropriate towards a patient who had suffered sever head hurt and who was kick ing of chronic caput hurting. In this instance hence, I feel that, despite the fact that Crispin’s colleagues were clearly acting culpably towards him, a tribunal would happen that the step ining carelessness of the physician in inquiry would justify a decision that these colleagues, and therefore the employers, were non vicariously apt, in jurisprudence, for the decease of Crispin. This decision is based on common sense, instead than logic [ the attack suggested in the instance of Knightly v Johns [ 1982 ] 1 W.L.R. 349, at 367 ] , as there is no existent manner to reliably foretell the result to a inquiry which in former times would hold been regarded as a inquiry for a jury [ as noted in Wright V Lodge [ 1993 ] 4 All ER 299 at 307 ] . On the other manus, if it is proved that it was non the hemorrhaging which caused the decease of Crispin, but instead some abnormalcy possessed by the victim which caused him to endure from a cardiac apprehension as a consequence of the autumn, so the ex-employers will be hard pressed to get away liability. The thin skull regulation after all is a long constituted rule of carelessness jurisprudence, and even though such harm would clearly hold been unforeseeable to the defendant’s employees, they will be held to the full apt for his decease [ Smith V Leech Brain [ 1962 ] 2 QB 405 ] . In order for such liability to be found, the claimant estate must turn out, on the balance of chances, that it was the falling off the chair which caused Crispin to endure from an unnatural cardiac apprehension. The mob could reason in their defence that the cardiac apprehension was an intervening natural event, along the same line of concluding as employed in the instance of Carslogie Steamship C ompany Ltd, V Royal Norse Government [ 1952 ] A.C. 292, although it seems improbable that they would be able to convincingly argue that the cardiac apprehension was in no manner prompted by the actions of their employees, i.e. that the cardiac apprehension occurred wholly independently of the initial accident. In world is seems likely that it was the hemorrhaging which caused the apprehension, and as such I would rede that a claim against the Syndicate for the decease of their employee would, in all chance, fail for causing. degree Celsiuss ) by Quentin against Malheantun Hospital for Quentin s psychiatric hurt. For this subdivision we must presume that the Hospital were negligently responsible for the decease of Crispin. The ground for this is as follows: Quentin does non hold a responsibility of attention owed to him by the Hospital, as he was non their patient. Therefore to mount a successful action against the Hospital, he must reason, amongst other things, that his close relationship to the victim and his immediate propinquity to the event, someway warranted the extension of their responsibility of attention to him besides. In the Alcock instance [ [ 1992 ] 1 AC 310 ] , Lord Oliver placed instances of nervous shock’ into two classs ; 1 ] those instances where the injured claimant was instantly involved, i.e. the rescue cases’ such as Chadwick v British Railways Board [ 1967 ] 1 WLR 912 or those instances where the claimant was placed in fright of their ain safety at the same clip as witnessing a traumatic event, such as Schneider V Eisovitch [ 1960 ] 2 QB 430 or Dulieu v White A ; Sons [ 1901 ] 2 KB 669, and ; 2 ] those instances where the claimant was non sufficiently involved to happen legal causing. If a instance should fall into the 2nd class, as ours does, so the rule inquiry is whether or non the type of hurt suffered by the claimant was moderately foreseeable. In order to reply this inquiry we must analyze the nature of the relationship between the claimant and Crispin, the propinquity of Quentin to the accident or its immediate aftermath’ , Quentin’s perceptual experience of the events and the manner by which the nervous daze was administered. In our instance, the relationship between Quentin and Crispin would be deemed sufficiently near to justify a determination of legal causing, as the relationship clearly involved close ties of love and affection’ [ the trial offered by Lord Keith in the instance of Alcock [ 1992 ] 1 AC 310, 397 ] . In relation to the inquiry of propinquity to the scene of the traumatic event ; Quentin was at the infirmary and sitting following to Crispin at the minute of his decease. It would therefore look that this portion of the foreseeability trial would be satisfied by the facts of our instance. Similarly, there is small job with the 3rd demand ; Quentin was present at the clip of decease, and hence no issues of 3rd party communicating etc can function to refute the foresee ability of Quentin’s psychological hurt. Sing the 4th issue, it is here where Quentin’s claim begins to interrupt down. In Alcock [ particularly Lord Ackner ] it was held that the psychological hurt suffered must be of a sort describable as nervous shock’ , i.e. that there must hold been a sudden grasp by sight or sound of a atrocious event, which violently agitated the head of the claimant’ . In our instance there was no such shocking’ event, and as such it seems likely that Quentin’s claim against the Hospital for the psychological hurt which he suffered as a consequence of witnessing the decease of his fellow, at the hand’s of the Hospital’s carelessness, would neglect for forseeability of harm.

Violent Video Games and School Violence

Violent Video Games and School Violence Violent Video Games and School Violence. Is There a Correlation? A large amount of research has been done to create or understand a potential correlation between the playing of violent video games and the action of violence perpetrated by youth, especially within the school environment. Through psychological and scientific studies, different aspects have been considered and there have been decisions to substantiate both sides of the issues, however, the majority of evidence that has been returned shows overwhelmingly that youth who participate in violent video games are no more or less likely to perpetrate violence within their school than youth who do not. Violent Video Games Cause Youth to Feel Less Compassion for Victims The idea of a correlation between violence and video games comes from the idea that violent video games cause youth to feel less compassion for victims of violence. Parents and other concerned adults have long stated that youth who participate in violent video games are more likely to act out the violence that they see and participate in during real life situations because they have been desensitized, however, research has shown this is not the case. According to psychological studies, simply playing a violent video game does not have any long-term impact on the capacity for violence in the youth or on their ability to feel compassion for others. Video games are a method of play and fun for youth and allow them to spend time with friends and engage in make-believe situations and experiences that they would otherwise be incapable of enjoying. The violent video games that youth are encouraged to play allow them to take on a different persona in much the same way as dress up games and make-believe with dolls or action figures. In this way, they are encouraged to try something new and to enhance skills in order to achieve an objective, thereby developing abilities that continue to help them outside of the game, such as dedication, follow through and attention to detail. Related articles: Computer Games Have a Negative Effect on Individuals Media Influence Female Perception of the Body Image: Agree or Disagree? Young People Are Predisposed to Negative Influence The World Needs More Funny Cat Videos on Youtube? Sexual Content on TV Has a Negative Impact on Teenagers Video Games Improve Thought Processes Another important aspect of video games that can be beneficial for youth is the ability to improve thinking and thought processes in general. Youth who engage in video games are required to solve complex problems, often under extreme pressure to beat the high scores of their friends or to avoid a negative aspect of the game. Because of this, it enhances the abilities of the youth to think critically and creatively in other aspects of their lives as well, leading to improvement in their cognitive abilities in school and even in the future workforce. Video games are also considered to be a method of reducing stress levels and are used by a number of young people for just this reason. Whereas some adults or youth will engage in reading, listening to music or puzzles as ways to decrease their stress, anxiety or anger levels, other youth engage in video games as a way to calm down and relax. Because video games take them outside of their own world and problems as well as requiring attention and thought rather than simply being mindless entertainment, they allow the youth to overcome the negative thoughts and fears. Video Games Are Helpful for Children with  MS, Autism, Attention Deficit Disorder or Dyslexia Finally, video games have actually been found to improve the symptoms associated with several medical conditions that youth may have such as MS, autism, and even attention deficit disorder or dyslexia. The increased interaction with others that occurs through the video game helps children with social problems as a result of autism to feel more comfortable in these situations. Likewise, video games that require full body movement are more likely to reduce the balance problems that may occur for MS sufferers. The focus required for improved video game play also improves the focus of those suffering from attention deficit disorder and dyslexia, thereby reducing the suffering that occurs. With all of these reasons to play video games and all of these ways in which video games can aid youth throughout their lives, it is unfortunate that youth are stymied on many turns toward these games. Though parents have feared for a long time that violence in video games shows a correlation with violence in children outside of said video games, the research shows not only that this is unfounded, but also that there are a number of reasons to encourage video game play amongst children of all ages.

The benefits of increasing womens participation in top management Essay

The benefits of increasing womens participation in top management teams - Essay Example However, more importantly, there is the question of the reasons as to why women are still assuming relatively fewer of these critical positions in corporations. Despite the fact that women account for about 33.3 percent of the players occupying managerial positions, in general, the 2007 survey by the bureau of labor statistics gave surprising statistics (Bureau of labor Statistics, 2007). The statistics include that, from the statistics of 2006, less than a third of the top one thousand and five hundred firms in American had one woman player as a top managerial executive. Further, less than 6 percent of the top firms reported having more than one woman in executive position, and less than 3 percent had a female CEO (Bureau of labor Statistics, 2007). Through this paper, the writer will review the arguments reported through different sources that women are better at executive management than their male counterparts, which will amplify the question of the huge gender gap (Castanias and Helfat, 2001). Through the review of the subject, and reviewing the factual nature of the information showing that women make better executive managers, recommendations will be offered – which are expected to improve the management of different firms and organizations. These aims will be realized through the essay, through reviewing available data, to verify whether the more effective executive managerial capacities can be verified – which will lead to the formulation of recommendations to remedy the situation (Deszo and Ross, 2008). Through the recommendations advanced, the executive managerial staffs of firms and organizations will seek to exploit the varied managerial outlook of male and female executives, which is anticipated to improve the performance of these organizations (Castanias and Helfat, 2001). This paper will cover a literature review, which will give account of sources supporting the excellent managerial outlook of female players, and then offer a case study of an organization that has benefited from female participation in managerial practices. Precisely, the paper will use the case study to support the information supporting the standpoint of the discussion, while at the same time integrating theory into the discussion, towards the formulation of informative inferences and conclusions (Deszo and Ross, 2008). Theoretical background Castanias and Helfat (2001) argue that there is a wide range of literature and research reports giving the information that female managers are not only as good at performance as their male counterparts, but are also more effective in the executive management of organizations. The arguments go ahead to discuss that woman executive managers tend to be less hierarchical in their management of organizations, and their managerial outlook is often found to be more interactive, which increases the engagement and the output of employees (Carter, Simkins and Gar, 2003). Apart from increasing the possible effe ct of increasing the productivity of the organization, the role of executive female managers is likely to increase the levels of teamwork realized across the organization, and is likely to increase the intrinsic motivation of employees – and the two lead to an increase in the creativity of the workers of the organization, at their different roles (Book, 2000). Eisenhardt, Kahwajy and Bourgeois (1997) support the same point of view that having female members in the executive managerial function is likely to improve the performance and the outcomes of an organization. They discuss that female participat

The Autistic Student Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Autistic Student - Research Paper Example Individuals who suffer from autism cannot survive without a caregiver in the society and face difficulties when entering a relationship. All these above mentioned factors clearly show that autism is a disorder which needs to be cured to have a better society. For this purpose several cures have been proposed which involve early intervention programs for the children. The question now arises if the cure for autism by intervention and diagnosis is successful or not. In my view governments should take an equal stand in the early intervention programs for the autistic children (Wray et al 2005; Dorothea 2009). An autistic student would possibly be exhibiting many signs of autism which should be noticed by the teacher or the parent to confirm the diagnosis of the disorder. An autistic student may suffer from many problems while studying in the class which can easily be identified. As autistic children have developmental problems they tend to suffer from social problems within the school. Social deficits in the child can be noticed easily as this student cannot make an eye contact with anyone. The student faces problems when socializing with other students and teachers. It can also be noticed that this student does not have friends within the school because of the fear that he may have for socializing with others. ... It is seen that the autistic student cannot speak properly and blabbers at many instances with the teacher. The student cannot interact properly and would use improper gestures to exhibit his feelings. The student does not share his personal feelings nor has the courage to stand for something that he has not done. Even when the students are asked to participate in the class activities it is seen that the autistic student finds it very difficult to participate in them. The student is known to face many problems in the class because of which he has difficulties in studying with other students (Dorothea 2009; Wray et al 2005). The autistic student also faces difficulty when adjusting to specific routines in the school. For example when the timetable of the students is changed from one class to the other the autistic student takes long to get used to the new routine. In simple words these autistic children do not easily adapt to new routines and rituals. The student is also obsessed with certain objects that he sees in his environment. For example some of the autistic students are obsessed with the pencil that they have. At many instances it can be noticed that these autistic students are picking up their pencil and examining it. These characteristics help in confirming that the student is suffering from autism. Lastly the autistic student also displays repetitive behaviors which can be seen in different actions. In the classroom the student is seen to stack pencils and rubbers in an arranged manner. Moreover he often moves while sitting in the same fashion which can be noticed by the teacher. These five characteristics are commonly seen in autistic students which should be noticed by the teacher so that the student can be diagnosed

Researched on magazines Essay Example for Free

Researched on magazines Essay My magazine is called Flava and it is aimed at teenagers, as when I researched on magazines I found this one was quite popular. I spent 4 weeks on my magazine and put a lot of effort into it. Before I started to produce my magazine I planned out how I was going to set it out and what type of things I was going to include in it. I chose the above features, as they are the basic things included in a teenage magazine. I used Microsoft Publisher for the majority of it but I also used Microsoft word for things such as my real life stories. I found Publisher better because you get a wide variety of different backgrounds and formats whereas in Microsoft Word it is more basic. I used a number of different formats and fonts. I did a lot of research on the Internet using Yahoo and Google. I worked with another pupil in my class, Khiley Williams, and we both came up with our own ideas. The pages I produced was the, Dear Angel problem page, the album review of Christina Aguileras Stripped, dish of the day page, the real life story of How I coped with Anorexia, the front cover, the celebrity page (all the celebs dressed in black), and the whats hot and whats not page. The page which required the most research was the real life story but I also put a lot of effort into the front cover as I wanted to make it eye catching and interesting. I used Christina Aguilera on my front cover as she is hot and sexy and catches peoples eye as they look at the magazine. She is also a role model for a lot of young people so they would want to read anything that they see her on. The front of my magazine is bright pink as this also helps to draw peoples attention to it and would hopefully be intrigued as to what is inside it once they start looking over the cover. I used the band Busteds logo on my front cover as well as there is a feature on them inside the magazine. To get the logo I went onto the Official Busted website, www. busted. com, and had to cut, copy and paste it onto publisher. I then had to fill in its original red background with pink to match the background of my front cover. Also on the front cover, I have included the price, a barcode and a logo, Girls with taste get Flava. For my barcode I used the search engine Google and typed in barcodes. I found one and cut copied and pasted again.

Teaching - Reflections, Questions, Desicions Essay -- Education, Quali

Introduction What is teaching? What do we mean by quality education? What is the best way to motivate a child to reach their full potential? These are some of the questions that the effective teacher may ask themselves. In fact, much of the role of the modern teacher can be defined in the statement; Teaching – reflections, questions, decisions. These aspects are interwoven and iterative. Teachers need to reflect upon various policies, concepts and strategies. They need to ask the right questions and make the right decisions. The cycle continues. This assignment examines the role of the teacher with reference to professionalism and ethics, the teaching role and teaching strategies, classroom management and motivation. Professionalism and Ethics The foundations for becoming an effective teacher perhaps lie within professionalism and ethics. After all, this influences every single decision a teacher makes. Professionalism can be divided into six distinct categories; these are academic, legal, ethical, professional, personal and cultural professionalism. (Whitton et al., 2010) This is possibly a good starting point because teachers need to reflect upon what professionalism means for them and how it will affect their teaching practices. For example, legal professionalism encompasses a whole range of aspects including duty of care, child protection, freedom of information, discipline, restraint, bullying and harassment, sexual assault and physical contact, discrimination and defamation. (Whitton et al., 2010) The list is vast and so are the implications. The effective teacher will need to keep their policy knowledge up to date. They will also have to make decisions based on these policies. Perhaps this is w... ...n, there are many facets to the effective teacher. Professionalism and ethics are of upmost importance and underpin the ethos of the teaching role. Moreover, the teacher must exhibit certain characteristics and focus on building quality relationships with the students. A range of teaching strategies should be utilised, in particular teachers need to be proficient in the use of questions. Planning is important in creating a safe and positive learning environment that incites a sense of belonging and managing misbehaviour efficiently is vital. Motivation needs to be examined and understood with reference to the students in the class. Teachers need to reflect upon and question their own teaching practices and understanding of the policies and strategies available to them in order to make the best decisions for the children in their classroom under their care.

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 2 Flight

TRANTOR-†¦ The capital of the First Galactic Empire†¦ Under Cleon I, it had its â€Å"twilight glow.† To all appearances, it was then at its peak. Its land surface of 200 million square kilometers was entirely domed (except for the Imperial Palace area) and underlaid with an endless city that extended beneath the continental shelves. The population was 40 billion and although the signs were plentiful (and clearly visible in hindsight) that there were gathering problems, those who lived on Trantor undoubtedly found it still the Eternal World of legend and did not expect it would ever†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica 6. Seldon looked up. A young man was standing before him, looking down at him with an expression of amused contempt. Next to him was another young man-a bit younger, perhaps. Both were large and appeared to be strong. They were dressed in an extreme of Trantorian fashion, Seldon judged-boldly clashing colors, broad fringed belts, round hats with wide brims all about and the two ends of a bright pink ribbon extending from the brim to the back of the neck. In Seldon's eyes, it was amusing and he smiled. The young man before him snapped, â€Å"What're you grinning at, misfit?† Seldon ignored the manner of address and said gently, â€Å"Please pardon my smile. I was merely enjoying your costume.† â€Å"My costume? So? And what are you wearing? What's that awful offal you call clothes?† His hand went out and his finger flicked at the lapel of Seldon's jacket-disgracefully heavy and dull, Seldon himself thought, in comparison to the other's lighthearted colors. Seldon said, â€Å"I'm afraid it's my Outworlder clothes. They're all I have.† He couldn't help notice that the few others who were sitting in the small park were rising to their feet and walking off. It was as though they were expecting trouble and had no desire to remain in the vicinity. Seldon wondered if his new friend, Hummin, was leaving too, but he felt it injudicious to take his eyes away from the young man who was confronting him. He teetered back on his chair slightly. The young man said, â€Å"You an Outworlder?† â€Å"That's right. Hence my clothes.† â€Å"Hence? What kind of word's that? Outworld word?† â€Å"What I meant was, that was why my clothes seem peculiar to you. I'm a visitor here.† â€Å"From what planet?† â€Å"Helicon.† The young man's eyebrows drew together. â€Å"Never heard of it.† â€Å"It's not a large planet.† â€Å"Why don't you go back there?† â€Å"I intend to. I'm leaving tomorrow.† â€Å"Sooner! Now!† The young man looked at his partner. Seldon followed the look and caught a glimpse of Hummin. He had not left, but the park was now empty except for himself, Hummin, and the two young men. Seldon said, â€Å"I'd thought I'd spend today sight-seeing.† â€Å"No. You don't want to do that. You go home now.† Seldon smiled. â€Å"Sorry. I won't.† The young man said to his partner. â€Å"You like his clothes, Marbie?† Marbie spoke for the first time. â€Å"No. Disgusting. Turns the stomach.† â€Å"Can't let him go around turning stomachs, Marbie. Not good for people's health.† â€Å"No, not by no means, Alem,† said Marbie. Alem grinned. â€Å"Well now. You heard what Marbie said.† And now Hummin spoke. He said, â€Å"Look, you two, Alem, Marbie, whatever your names are. You've had your fun. Why don't you go away?† Alem, who had been leaning slightly toward Seldon, straightened and turned. â€Å"Who are you?† â€Å"That's not your business,† snapped Hummin. â€Å"You're Trantorian?† asked Alem. â€Å"Also not your business.† Alem frowned and said, â€Å"You're dressed Trantorian. We're not interested in you, so don't go looking for problems.† â€Å"I intend to stay. That means there are two of us. Two against two doesn't sound like your kind of fight. Why don't you go away and get some friends so you can handle two people?† Seldon said, â€Å"I really think you ought to get away if you can, Hummin. It's kind of you to try to protect me, but I don't want you harmed.† â€Å"These are not dangerous people, Seldon. Just half-credit lackeys.† â€Å"Lackeys!† The word seemed to infuriate Alem, so that Seldon thought it must have a more insulting meaning on Trantor than it had on Helicon. â€Å"Here, Marbie,† said Alem with a growl. â€Å"You take care of that other motherlackey and I'll rip the clothes off this Seldon. He's the one we want. Now-â€Å" His hands came down sharply to seize Seldon's lapels and jerk him upright. Seldon pushed away, instinctively it would seem, and his chair tipped backward. He seized the hands stretched toward him, his foot went up, and his chair went down. Somehow Alem streaked overhead, turning as he did so, and came down hard on his neck and back behind Seldon. Seldon twisted as his chair went down and was quickly on his feet, staring down at Alem, then looking sharply to one side for Marbie. Alem lay unmoving, his face twisted in agony. He had two badly sprained thumbs, excruciating pain in his groin, and a backbone that had been badly jarred. Hummin's left arm had grabbed Marbie's neck from behind and his right arm had pulled the other's right arm backward at a vicious angle. Marbie's face was red as he labored uselessly for breath. A knife, glittering with a small laser inset, lay on the ground beside them. Hummin eased his grip slightly and said, with an air of honest concern, â€Å"You've hurt that one badly.† Seldon said, â€Å"I'm afraid so. If he had fallen a little differently, he would have snapped his neck.† Hummin said, â€Å"What kind of a mathematician are you?† â€Å"A Heliconian one.† He stooped to pick up the knife and, after examining it, said, â€Å"Disgusting-and deadly.† Hummin said, â€Å"An ordinary blade would do the job without requiring a power source.-But let's let these two go. I doubt they want to continue any further.† He released Marbie, who rubbed first his shoulder then his neck. Gasping for air, he turned hate-filled eyes on the two men. Hummin said sharply, â€Å"You two had better get out of here. Otherwise we'll have to give evidence against you for assault and attempted murder. This knife can surely be traced to you.† Seldon and Hummin watched while Marbie dragged Alem to his feet and then helped him stagger away, still bent in pain. They looked back once or twice, but Seldon and Hummin watched impassively. Seldon held out his hand. â€Å"How do I thank you for coming to the aid of a stranger against two attackers? I doubt I would have been able to handle them both on my own.† Hummin raised his hand in a deprecatory manner. â€Å"I wasn't afraid of them. They're just street-brawling lackeys. All I had to do was get my hands on them-and yours, too, of course.† â€Å"That's a pretty deadly grip you have,† Seldon mused. Hummin shrugged. â€Å"You too.† Then, without changing his tone of voice, he said, â€Å"Come on, we'd better get out of here. We're wasting time.† Seldon said, â€Å"Why do we have to get away? Are you afraid those two will come back?† â€Å"Not in their lifetime. But some of those brave people who cleared out of the park so quickly in their eagerness to spare themselves a disagreeable sight may have alerted the police.† â€Å"Fine. We have the hoodlums' names. And we can describe them fairly well.† â€Å"Describe them? Why would the police want them?† â€Å"They committed an assault-â€Å" â€Å"Don't be foolish. We don't have a scratch. They're virtually hospital bait, especially Alem. We're the ones who will be charged.† â€Å"But that's impossible. Those people witnessed the fact that-â€Å" â€Å"No people will be called.-Seldon, get this into your head. Those two came to find you-specifically you. They were told you were wearing Heliconian clothes and you must have been described precisely. Perhaps they were even shown a holograph. I suspect they were sent by the people who happen to control the police, so let's not wait any longer.† Hummin hurried off, his hand gripping Seldon's upper arm. Seldon found the grip impossible to shake and, feeling like a child in the hands of an impetuous nurse, followed. They plunged into an arcade and, before Seldon's eyes grew accustomed to the dimmer light, they heard the burring sound of a ground-car's brakes. â€Å"There they are,† muttered Hummin. â€Å"Faster, Seldon.† They hopped onto a moving corridor and lost themselves in the crowd. 7. Seldon had tried to persuade Hummin to take him to his hotel room, but Hummin would have none of that. â€Å"Are you mad?† he half-whispered. â€Å"They'll be waiting for you there.† â€Å"But all my belongings are waiting for me there too.† â€Å"They'll just have to wait.† And now they were in a small room in a pleasant apartment structure that might be anywhere for all that Seldon could tell. He looked about the one-room unit. Most of it was taken up by a desk and chair, a bed, and a computer outlet. There were no dining facilities or washstand of any kind, though Hummin had directed him to a communal washroom down the hall. Someone had entered before Seldon was quite through. He had cast one brief and curious look at Seldon's clothes, rather than at Seldon himself, and had then looked away. Seldon mentioned this to Hummin, who shook his head and said, â€Å"We'll have to get rid of your clothes. Too bad Helicon is so far out of fashion-â€Å" Seldon said impatiently, â€Å"How much of this might just be your imagination, Hummin? You've got me half-convinced and yet it may be merely a kind of†¦ of-â€Å" â€Å"Are you groping for the word ‘paranoia'?† â€Å"All right, I am. This may be some strange paranoid notion of yours.† Hummin said, â€Å"Think about it, will you? I can't argue it out mathematically, but you've seen the Emperor. Don't deny it. He wanted something from you and you didn't give it to him. Don't deny that either. I suspect that details of the future are what he wants and you refused. Perhaps Demerzel thinks you're only pretending not to have the details-that you're holding out for a higher price or that someone else is bidding for it too. Who knows? I told you that if Demerzel wants you, he'll get you wherever you are. I told you that before those two splitheads ever appeared on the scene. I'm a journalist and a Trantorian. I know how these things go. At one point, Alem said, ‘He's the one we want.' Do you remember that?† â€Å"As it happens,† said Seldon. â€Å"I do.† â€Å"To him I was only the ‘other motherlackey' to be kept off, while he went about the real job of assaulting you.† Hummin sat down in the chair and pointed to the bed. â€Å"Stretch out, Seldon. Make yourself comfortable. Whoever sent those two-it must have been Demerzel, in my opinion-can send others, so we'll have to get rid of those clothes of yours. I think any other Heliconian in this sector caught in his own world's garb is going to have trouble until he can prove he isn't you.† â€Å"Oh come on.† â€Å"I mean it. You'll have to take off the clothes and we'll have to atomize them-if we can get close enough to a disposal unit without being seen. And before we can do that I'll have to get you a Trantorian outfit. You're smaller than I am and I'll take that into account. It won't matter if it doesn't fit exactly-â€Å" Seldon shook his head. â€Å"I don't have the credits to pay for it. Not on me. What credits I have-and they aren't much-are in my hotel safe.† â€Å"We'll worry about that another time. You'll have to stay here for an hour or two while I go out in search of the necessary clothing.† Seldon spread his hands and sighed resignedly. â€Å"All right. If it's that important, I'll stay.† â€Å"You won't try to get back to your hotel? Word of honor?† â€Å"My word as a mathematician. But I'm really embarrassed by all the trouble you're taking for me. And expense too. After all, despite all this talk about Demerzel, they weren't really out to hurt me or carry me off. All I was threatened with was the removal of my clothes.† â€Å"Not all. They were also going to take you to the spaceport and put you on a hypership to Helicon.† â€Å"That was a silly threat-not to be taken seriously.† â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"I'm going to Helicon. I told them so. I'm going tomorrow.† â€Å"And you still plan to go tomorrow?† asked Hummin. â€Å"Certainly. Why not?† â€Å"There are enormous reasons why not.† Seldon suddenly felt angry. â€Å"Come on, Hummin, I can't play this game any further. I'm finished here and I want to go home. My tickets are in the hotel room. Otherwise I'd try to exchange them for a trip today. I mean it.† â€Å"You can't go back to Helicon.† Seldon flushed. â€Å"Why not? Are they waiting for me there too?† Hummin nodded. â€Å"Don't fire up, Seldon. They would be waiting for you there too. Listen to me. If you go to Helicon, you are as good as in Demerzel's hands. Helicon is good, safe Imperial territory. Has Helicon ever rebelled, ever fallen into step behind the banner of an anti-Emperor?† â€Å"No, it hasn't-and for good reason. It's surrounded by larger worlds. It depends on the Imperial peace for security.† â€Å"Exactly! Imperial forces on Helicon can therefore count on the full cooperation of the local government. You would be under constant surveillance at all times. Any time Demerzel wants you, he will be able to have you. And, except for the fact that I am now warning you, you would have no knowledge of this and you would be working in the open, filled with a false security.† â€Å"That's ridiculous. If he wanted me in Helicon, why didn't he simply leave me to myself? I was going there tomorrow. Why would he send those two hoodlums simply to hasten the matter by a few hours and risk putting me on my guard?† â€Å"Why should he think you would be put on your guard? He didn't know I'd be with you, immersing you in what you call my paranoia.† â€Å"Even without the question of warning me, why all the fuss to hurry me by a few hours?† â€Å"Perhaps because he was afraid you would change your mind.† â€Å"And go where, if not home? If he could pick me up on Helicon, he could pick me up anywhere. He could pick me up on†¦ on Anacreon, a good ten thousand parsecs away-if it should fall into my head to go there. What's distance to hyperspatial ships? Even if I find a world that's not quite as subservient to the Imperial forces as Helicon is, what world is in actual rebellion? The Empire is at peace. Even if some worlds are still resentful of injustices in the past, none are going to defy the Imperial armed forces to protect me. Moreover, anywhere but on Helicon I won't be a local citizen and there won't even be that matter of principle to help keep the Empire at bay.† Hummin listened patiently, nodding slightly, but looking as grave and as imperturbable as ever. He said, â€Å"You're right, as far as you go, but there's one world that is not really under the Emperor's control. That, I think, is what must be disturbing Demerzel.† Seldon thought a while, reviewing recent history and finding himself unable to choose a world on which the Imperial forces might be helpless. He said at last, â€Å"What world is that?† Hummin said, â€Å"You're on it, which is what makes the matter so dangerous in Demerzel's eyes, I imagine. It is not so much that he is anxious to have you go to Helicon, as that he is anxious to have you leave Trantor before it occurs to you, for any reason-even if only tourist's mania-to stay.† The two men sat in silence until Seldon finally said sardonically, â€Å"Trantor! The capital of the Empire, with the home base of the fleet on a space station in orbit about it, with the best units of the army quartered here. If you believe that it is Trantor that is the safe world, you're progressing from paranoia to outright fantasy.† â€Å"No! You're an Outworlder, Seldon. You don't know what Trantor is like. It's forty billion people and there are few other worlds with even a tenth of its population. It is of unimaginable technological and cultural complexity. Where we are now is the Imperial Sector-with the highest standard of living in the Galaxy and populated entirely by Imperial functionaries. Elsewhere on the planet, however, are over eight hundred other sectors, some of them with subcultures totally different from what we have here and most of them untouchable by Imperial forces.† â€Å"Why untouchable?† â€Å"The Empire cannot seriously exert force against Trantor. To do so would be bound to shake some facet or other of the technology on which the whole planet depends. The technology is so interrelated that to snap one of the interconnections is to cripple the whole. Believe me, Seldon, we on Trantor observe what happens when there is an earthquake that manages to escape being damped out, a volcanic eruption that is not vented in time, a storm that is not defused, or just some human error that escapes notice. The planet totters and every effort must be made to restore the balance at once.† â€Å"I have never heard of such a thing.† A small smile flickered its way across Hummin's face. â€Å"Of course not. Do you want the Empire to advertise the weakness at its core? However, as a journalist, I know what happens even when the Outworlds don't, even when much of Trantor itself doesn't, even when the Imperial pressure is interested in concealing events. Believe me! The Emperor knows-and Eto Demerzel knows-even if you don't, that to disturb Trantor may destroy the Empire.† â€Å"Then are you suggesting I stay on Trantor for that reason?† â€Å"Yes. I can take you to a place on Trantor where you will be absolutely safe from Demerzel. You won't have to change your name and you will be able to operate entirely in the open and he won't be able to touch you. That's why he wanted to force you off Trantor at once and if it hadn't been for the quirk of fate that brought us together and for your surprising ability to defend yourself, he would have succeeded in doing so.† â€Å"But how long will I have to remain on Trantor?† â€Å"For as long as your safety requires it, Seldon. For the rest of your life, perhaps.† 8. Hari Seldon looked at the holograph of himself cast by Hummin's projector. It was more dramatic and useful than a mirror would have been. In fact, it seemed as though there were two of him in the room. Seldon studied the sleeve of his new tunic. His Heliconian attitudes made him wish the colors were less vibrant, but he was thankful that, as it was, Hummin had chosen softer colors than were customary here on this world. (Seldon thought of the clothing worn by their two assailants and shuddered inwardly.) He said, â€Å"And I suppose I must wear this hat.† â€Å"In the Imperial Sector, yes. To go bareheaded here is a sign of low breeding. Elsewhere, the rules are different.† Seldon sighed. The round hat was made of soft material and molded itself to his head when he put it on. The brim was evenly wide all around, but it was narrower than on the hats his attackers had worn. Seldon consoled himself by noticing that when he wore the hat the brim curved rather gracefully. â€Å"It doesn't have a strap under the chin.† â€Å"Of course not. That's advanced fashion for young lanks.† â€Å"For young what?† â€Å"A lank is someone who wears things for their shock value. I'm sure you have such people on Helicon.† Seldon snorted. â€Å"There are those who wear their hair shoulder-length on one side and shave the other.† He laughed at the memory. Hummin's mouth twisted slightly. â€Å"I imagine it looks uncommonly ugly.† â€Å"Worse. There are lefties and righties, apparently, and each finds the other version highly offensive. The two groups often engage in street brawls.† â€Å"Then I think you can stand the hat, especially without the strap.† Seldon said, â€Å"I'll get used to it.† â€Å"It will attract some attention. It's subdued for one thing and makes you look as if you're in mourning. And it doesn't quite fit. Then, too, you wear it with obvious discomfort. However, we won't be in the Imperial Sector long.-Seen enough?† And the holograph flickered out. Seldon said, â€Å"How much did this cost you?† â€Å"What's the difference?† â€Å"It bothers me to be in your debt.† â€Å"Don't worry about it. This is my choice. But we've been here long enough. I will have been described, I'm quite certain. They'll track me down and they'll come here.† â€Å"In that case,† said Seldon, â€Å"the credits you're spending are a minor matter. You're putting yourself into personal danger on my account. Personal danger!† â€Å"I know that. But it's my free choice and I can take care of myself.† â€Å"But why-â€Å" â€Å"We'll discuss the philosophy of it later.-I've atomized your clothes, by the way, and I don't think I was seen. There was an energy surge, of course, and that would be recorded. Someone might guess what happened from that-it's hard to obscure any action when probing eyes and mind are sharp enough. However, let us hope we'll be safely away before they put it all together.† 9. They traveled along walkways where the light was soft and yellow. Hummin's eyes moved this way and that, watchful, and he kept their pace at crowd speed, neither passing nor being passed. He kept up a mild but steady conversation on indifferent topics. Seldon, edgy and unable to do the same, said, â€Å"There seems to be a great deal of walking here. There are endless lines in both directions and along the crossovers.† â€Å"Why not?† said Hummin. â€Å"Walking is still the best form of short-distance transportation. It's the most convenient, the cheapest, and the most healthful. Countless years of technological advance have not changed that.-Are you acrophobic, Seldon?† Seldon looked over the railing on his right into a deep declivity that separated the two walking lanes-each in an opposite direction between the regularly spaced crossovers. He shuddered slightly. â€Å"If you mean fear of heights, not ordinarily. Still, looking down isn't pleasant. How far does it go down?† â€Å"Forty or fifty levels at this point, I think. This sort of thing is common in the Imperial Sector and a few other highly developed regions. In most places, one walks at what might be considered ground level.† â€Å"I should imagine this would encourage suicide attempts.† â€Å"Not often. There are far easier methods. Besides, suicide is not a matter of social obloquy on Trantor. One can end one's life by various recognized methods in centers that exist for the purpose-if one is willing to go through some psychotherapy at first. There are, occasional accidents, for that matter, but that's not why I was asking about acrophobia. We're heading for a taxi rental where they know me as a journalist. I've done favors for them occasionally and sometimes they do favors for me in return. They'll forget to record me and won't notice that I have a companion. Of course, I'll have to pay a premium and, again of course, if Demerzel's people lean on them hard enough, they'll have to tell the truth and put it down to slovenly accounting, but that may take considerable time.† â€Å"Where does the acrophobia come in?† â€Å"Well, we can get there a lot faster if we use a gravitic lift. Not many people use it and I must tell you that I'm not overjoyed at the idea myself, but if you think you can handle it, we had better.† â€Å"What's a gravitic lift?† â€Å"It's experimental. The time may come when it will be widespread over Trantor, provided it becomes psychologically acceptable-or can be made so to enough people. Then, maybe, it will spread to other worlds too. It's an elevator shaft without an elevator cab, so to speak. We just step into empty space and drop slowly-or rise slowly-under the influence of antigravity. It's about the only application of antigravity that's been established so far, largely because it's the simplest possible application.† â€Å"What happens if the power blinks out while we're in transit?† â€Å"Exactly what you would think. We fall and-unless we're quite near the bottom to begin with-we die. I haven't heard of it happening yet and, believe me, if it had happened I would know. We might not be able to give out the news for security reasons-that's the excuse they always advance for hiding bad news-but I would know. It's just up ahead. If you can't manage it, we won't do it, but the corridors are slow and tedious and many find them nauseating after a while.† Hummin turned down a crossover and into a large recess where a line of men and women were waiting, one or two with children. Seldon said in a low voice, â€Å"I heard nothing of this back home. Of course, our own news media are terribly local, but you'd think there'd be some mention that this sort of thing exists.† Hummin said. â€Å"It's strictly experimental and is confined to the Imperial Sector. It uses more energy than it's worth, so the government is not really anxious to push it right now by giving it publicity. The old Emperor, Stanel VI, the one before Cleon who amazed everyone by dying in his bed, insisted on having it installed in a few places. He wanted his name associated with antigravity, they say, because he was concerned with his place in history, as old men of no great attainments frequently are. As I said, the technique may spread, but, on the other hand, it is possible that nothing much more than the gravitic lift will ever come of it.† â€Å"What do they want to come of it?† asked Seldon. â€Å"Antigrav spaceflight. That, however, will require many breakthroughs and most physicists, as far as I know, are firmly convinced it is out of the question. But, then, most thought that even gravitic lifts were out of the question.† The line ahead was rapidly growing shorter and Seldon found himself standing with Hummin at the edge of the floor with an open gap before him. The air ahead faintly glittered. Automatically, he reached out his hand and felt a light shock. It didn't hurt, but he snatched his hand back quickly. Hummin grunted. â€Å"An elementary precaution to prevent anyone walking over the edge before activating the controls.† He punched some numbers on the control board and the glitter vanished. Seldon peered over the edge, down the deep shaft. â€Å"You might find it better-or easier,† said Hummin, â€Å"if we link arms and if you close your eyes. It won't take more than a few seconds.† He gave Seldon no choice, actually. He took his arm and once again there was no hanging back in that firm grip. Hummin stepped into nothingness and Seldon (who heard himself, to his own embarrassment, emit a small squeak) shuffled off with a lurch. He closed his eyes tightly and experienced no sense of falling, no feeling of air movement. A few seconds passed and he was pulled forward. He tripped slightly, caught his balance, and found himself on solid ground. He opened his eyes, â€Å"Did we make it?† Hummin said dryly, â€Å"We're not dead,† then walked away, his grip forcing Seldon to follow. â€Å"I mean, did we get to the right level?† â€Å"Of course.† â€Å"What would have happened if we were dropping down and someone else was moving upward?† â€Å"There are two separate lanes. In one lane everyone drops at the same speed; in the other everyone rises at the same speed. The shaft clears only when there are no people within ten meters of each other. There is no chance of a collision if all works well.† â€Å"I didn't feel a thing.† â€Å"Why should you? There was no acceleration. After the first tenth of a second, you were at constant speed and the air in your immediate vicinity was moving down with you at the same speed.† â€Å"Marvelous.† â€Å"Absolutely. But uneconomic. And there seems no great pressure to increase the efficiency of the procedure and make it worthwhile. Everywhere one hears the same refrain. ‘We can't do it. It can't be done.' It applies to everything.† Hummin shrugged in obvious anger and said, â€Å"But we're here at the taxi rental. Let's get on with it.† 10. Seldon tried to look inconspicuous at the air-taxi rental terminus, which he found difficult. To look ostentatiously inconspicuous-to slink about, to turn his face away from all who passed, to study one of the vehicles overintently-was surely the way to invite attention. The way to behave was merely to assume an innocent normality. But what was normality? He felt uncomfortable in his clothes. There were no pockets, so he had no place to put his hands. The two pouches, which dangled from his belt on either side, distracted him by hitting against him as he moved, so that he was continually thinking someone had nudged him. He tried looking at women as they passed. They had no pouches, at least none dangling, but they carried little boxlike affairs that they occasionally clipped to one hip or another by some device he could not make out. It was probably pseudomagnetic, he decided. Their clothes were not particularly revealing, he noted regretfully, and not one had any sign of dcolletage, although some dresses seemed to be designed to emphasize the buttocks. Meanwhile, Hummin had been very businesslike, having presented the necessary credits and returned with the superconductive ceramic tile that would activate a specific air-taxi. Hummin said, â€Å"Get in, Seldon,† gesturing to a small two-seated vehicle. Seldon asked, â€Å"Did you have to sign your name, Hummin?† â€Å"Of course not. They know me here and don't stand on ceremony.† â€Å"What do they think you're doing?† â€Å"They didn't ask and I volunteered no information.† He inserted the tile and Seldon felt a slight vibration as the air-taxi came to life. â€Å"We're headed for D-7,† said Hummin, making conversation. Seldon didn't know what D-7 was, but he assumed it meant some route or other. The air-taxi found its way past and around other ground-cars and finally moved onto a smooth upward-slanting track and gained speed. Then it lifted upward with a slight jolt. Seldon, who had been automatically strapped in by a webbed restraint, felt himself pushed down into his seat and then up against the webbing. He said, â€Å"That didn't feel like antigravity.† â€Å"It wasn't,† said Hummin. â€Å"That was a small jet reaction. Just enough to take us up to the tubes.† What appeared before them now looked like a cliff patterned with cave openings, much like a checkerboard. Hummin maneuvered toward the D-7 opening, avoiding other air-taxis that were heading for other tunnels. â€Å"You could crash easily,† said Seldon, clearing his throat. â€Å"So I probably would if everything depended on my senses and reactions, but the taxi is computerized and the computer can overrule me without trouble. The same is true for the other taxis.-Here we go.† They slid into D-7 as if they had been sucked in and the bright light of the open plaza outside mellowed, turning a warmer yellow hue. Hummin released the controls and sat back. He drew a deep breath and said, â€Å"Well, that's one stage successfully carried through. We might have been stopped at the station. In here, we're fairly safe.† The ride was smooth and the walls of the tunnel slipped by rapidly. There was almost no sound, just a steady velvety whirr as the taxi sped along. â€Å"How fast are we going?† asked Seldon. Hummin cast an eye briefly at the controls. â€Å"Three hundred and fifty kilometers per hour.† â€Å"Magnetic propulsion?† â€Å"Yes. You have it on Helicon, I imagine.† â€Å"Yes. One line. I've never been on it myself, though I've always meant to. I don't think it's anything like this.† â€Å"I'm sure it isn't. Trantor has many thousands of kilometers of these tunnels honeycombing the land subsurface and a number that snake under the shallower extensions of the ocean. It's the chief method of long-distance travel.† â€Å"How long will it take us?† â€Å"To reach our immediate destination? A little over five hours.† â€Å"Five hours!† Seldon was dismayed. â€Å"Don't be disturbed. We pass rest areas every twenty minutes or so where we can stop, pull out of the tunnel, stretch our feet, eat, or relieve ourselves. I'd like to do that as few times as possible, of course.† They continued on in silence for a while and then Seldon started when a blaze of light flared at their right for a few seconds and, in the flash, he thought he saw two air-taxis. â€Å"That was a rest area,† said Hummin in answer to the unspoken question. Seldon said, â€Å"Am I really going to be safe wherever it is you are taking me?† Hummin said, â€Å"Quite safe from any open movement on the part of the Imperial forces. Of course, when it comes to the individual operator-the spy, the agent, the hired assassin-one must always be careful. Naturally, I will supply you with a bodyguard.† Seldon felt uneasy. â€Å"The hired assassin? Are you serious? Would they really want to kill me?† Hummin said, â€Å"I'm sure Demerzel doesn't. I suspect he wants to use you rather than kill you. Still, other enemies may turn up or there may be unfortunate concatenations of events. You can't go through life sleepwalking.† Seldon shook his head and turned his face away. To think, only forty-eight hours ago he had been just an insignificant, virtually unknown Outworld mathematician, content only to spend his remaining time on Trantor sight-seeing, gazing at the enormity of the great world with his provincial eye. And now, it was finally sinking in: He was a wanted man, hunted by Imperial forces. The enormity of the situation seized him and he shuddered. â€Å"And what about you and what you're doing right now?† Hummin said thoughtfully, â€Å"Well, they won't feel kindly toward me, I suppose. I might have my head laid open or my chest exploded by some mysterious and never-found assailant.† Hummin said it without a tremor in his voice or a change in his calm appearance, but Seldon winced. Seldon said, â€Å"I rather thought you would assume that might be in store for you. You don't seem to be†¦ bothered by it.† â€Å"I'm an old Trantorian. I know the planet as well as anybody can. I know many people and many of them are under obligation to me. I like to think that I am shrewd and not easy to outwit. In short, Seldon, I am quite confident that I can take care of myself.† â€Å"I'm glad you feel that way and I hope you're justified in thinking so, Hummin, but I can't get it through my head why you're taking this chance at all. What am I to you? Why should you take even the smallest risk for someone who is a stranger to you?† Hummin checked the controls in a preoccupied manner and then he faced Seldon squarely, eyes steady and serious. â€Å"I want to save you for the same reason that the Emperor wants to use you-for your predictive powers.† Seldon felt a deep pang of disappointment. This was not after all a question of being saved. He was merely the helpless and disputed prey of competing predators. He said angrily, â€Å"I will never live down that presentation at the Decennial Convention. I have ruined my life.† â€Å"No. Don't rush to conclusions, mathematician. The Emperor and his officers want you for one reason only, to make their own lives more secure. They are interested in your abilities only so far as they might be used to save the Emperor's rule, preserve that rule for his young son, maintain the positions, status, and power of his officials. I, on the other hand, want your powers for the good of the Galaxy.† â€Å"Is there a distinction?† spat Seldon acidly. And Hummin replied with the stern beginning of a frown, â€Å"If you do not see the distinction, then that is to your shame. The human occupants of the Galaxy existed before this Emperor who now rules, before the dynasty he represents, before the Empire itself. Humanity is far older than the Empire. It may even be far older than the twenty-five million worlds of the Galaxy. There are legends of a time when humanity inhabited a single world.† â€Å"Legends!† said Seldon, shrugging his shoulders. â€Å"Yes, legends, but I see no reason why that may not have been so in fact, twenty thousand years ago or more. I presume that humanity did not come into existence complete with knowledge of hyperspatial travel. Surely, there must have been a time when people could not travel at superluminal velocities and they must then have been imprisoned in a single planetary system. And if we look forward in time, the human beings of the worlds of the Galaxy will surely continue to exist after you and the Emperor are dead, after his whole line comes to an end, and after the institutions of the Empire itself unravel. In that case, it is not important to worry overmuch about individuals, about the Emperor and the young Prince Imperial. It is not important to worry even about the mechanics of Empire. What of the quadrillions of people that exist in the Galaxy? What of them?† Seldon said, â€Å"Worlds and people would continue, I presume.† â€Å"Don't you feel any serious need of probing the possible conditions under which they would continue to exist.† â€Å"One would assume they would exist much as they do now.† â€Å"One would assume. But could one know by this art of prediction that you speak of?† â€Å"Psychohistory is what I call it. In theory, one could.† â€Å"And you feel no pressure to turn that theory into practice.† â€Å"I would love to, Hummin, but the desire to do so doesn't automatically manufacture the ability to do so. I told the Emperor that psychohistory could not be turned into a practical technique and I am forced to tell you the same thing.† â€Å"And you have no intention of even trying to find the technique?† â€Å"No, I don't, any more than I would feel I ought to try to tackle a pile of pebbles the size of Trantor, count them one by one, and arrange them in order of decreasing mass. I would know it was not something I could accomplish in a lifetime and I would not be fool enough to make a pretense of trying.† â€Å"Would you try if you knew the truth about humanity's situation?† â€Å"That's an impossible question. What is the truth about humanity's situation? Do you claim to know it?† â€Å"Yes, I do. And in five words.† Hummin's eyes faced forward again, turning briefly toward the blank changelessness of the tunnel as it pushed toward them, expanding until it passed and then dwindling as it slipped away. He then spoke those five words grimly. He said, â€Å"The Galactic Empire is dying.†

Influence And Impact Of Differing National Cultures On International Business

The world is changing politically, economically, technically, and collectively at a previously unthinkable rate. Both new and skilled multinational firms are stumbling and committing mistakes as they confront these recently emerging environmental forces. What is desired now is a new way of viewing both the global and foreign operations of multinational firms. To be as thriving as possible, these firms should be as culturally attuned to the world and to every foreign society in which they seek to work as they are to their own home society.The Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (1980) defines culture as â€Å"the incorporated pattern of human behavior that includes thought, speech, action, and artifacts and depends on man's competence for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations† and â€Å"the customary beliefs, social forms, and material behavior of a racial, religious, or social group. † These definitions point to numerous important aspects of cult ure. First, culture permeates all human behaviors and interactions. Second, culture is shared by members of a group.And third, it is handed down to newcomers and from one generation to the next. This description of culture is not aimed at organizations but is very appropriate to them (AAhad M. Osman-Gani & Zidan, S. S. 2001, pp. 452-460). The prevailing trend in the international business environment in current decades has been greater directness in trade, investment, finance and technology resultant in increased international integration and interdependence in business and between states. What is also obvious is that large swathes of the world's population are efficiently marginalized or barred from these trends.This segregation has been a major factor in modern anti-globalization campaigns and is often used to justify proposals to reform or even abolish international institutions and to invalidate policies that have contributed to international integration. Morrison (2006) charact erized a global industry as having intense levels of international competition, competitors marketing a standardized product worldwide, industry competitors that have a presence in all key international markets and high levels of international trade.These definitions have the common thread of the need and opportunity to integrate strategy across countries. Though aspects of globalization and the guiding principles of the IMF and the World Bank have not always been affirmative for developing countries, it is a generalization to place all or most of the blame for the marginalization of developing countries onto these factors. Development is a multifaceted process but some countries have managed it successfully.Considerably, it is those countries that have affianced most intensively with the outside world (that is, in East Asia), that have been most successful in their development endeavors. Equally considerable has been the keenness of each state to take a central role in the developm ent process, a role that assorted from country to country depending on its culture and early circumstances. Development is a significant, and often ignored, issue for international business. Too often, international business and development are simply discussed within the context of problems such as child labor or environmental degradation.Certainly, these and similar issues pose serious challenges for multinational enterprises and policy-makers but they are ultimately problems that, with adequate political will, are amenable to solution (admittedly, the political will requisite is of a much greater extent than has hitherto been seen). Successful development, however, forms markets and improves the quality of labor forces and key features of infrastructure, thereby creating investment opportunities. Investment in turn is essential to the development process.Recognition of the need to be culturally attuned is not new. William J. Holstein and colleagues noted in a Business Week articl e that going global can be awesome as experienced CEOs find that their executive skills developed at home are not almost as sharp when diverse cultures determine the playing field (Holstein et al. 1989, 9-18). To sharpen these skills and permit managers to function cross culturally, firms have characteristically focused on management selection and training.The thought here is that if being culturally attuned at home yields a non-cognitive automatic response, then suitably oriented managers could be selected and trained in the cultures of the world to exhibit also appropriate responses in other societies. IBM, for instance, requires that each manager shall receive forty-two hours of training each year on topics such as managing multinational groups of people and the internationalization of IBM's business (Callahan 1989, 28-32).Still, despite efforts such as these, one study noted that cross-cultural obstacles facing à ©migrà © employees continue to result in a failure rate of 20 to 50 percent of all expatriate assignments. International organizations develop certain assumptions, norms, patterns of speech and behavior that make them unique. Also, similar to social or racial groups, culture is one of the factors that differentiate one organization from another. Applying the concept of culture to organizations gives them a human quality.Organizations become much more than the profit margin, the buildings, and the organizational charts. As living entities, organizations grow and change. They adapt to their environment and maintain internal health. Many management scholars have focused on the thought of adapting national culture in international business. It is usually defined as a series of basic assumptions that an organization has developed in learning to handle with its external environment and its internal functioning. These assumptions have been found to be effectual and valid and are therefore communicated to new employees.Adapting foreign culture makes eve ry international organization unique and bonds members of an organization together. The culture in the organization verifies what behaviors and ideas are acceptable and appropriate. Culture is the yardstick used to assess many behaviors and ideas, and it provides a foundation for the development of goals and strategies. For instance, an organization where one of the basic postulations is that people perform best under minimal control and supervision and need independence to excel would consider heavy-handed management techniques used by one of their new deplorable managers.Furthermore, such an organization would be more expected to select a training program for developing participative management skills more than one focusing on processes for developing power. A case in point is the much-publicized W. L. Gore and Associates, with headquarters in Newark, Delaware, that makes wire and cable, medical products, Gore-tex fibers and fabrics, and industrial filter bags. One of the distinct ive characteristics of the firm is its casualness and the absence of hierarchy and status symbols.Employees and managers do not have prescribed titles, and creative problem solving is extremely encouraged. As a result, the use of status symbols that would designate a hierarchy is considered highly inappropriate. This instance demonstrates how a basic cultural assumption concerning factors that leads to effectiveness is used to find out which behaviors are acceptable (Jimmieson, Nerina L. , Katherine M. White, and Megan Peach, 2004, C1). Culture and structure are inseparable, since structure is one of the major manifestations of culture.The culture is one of the factors that determine the relationship between employees and managers. As with the other elements, however, the culture may also be the result of structure. For example, in a highly centralized organization, the implementation of participative management and employee empowerment will be impossible without a change in the str ucture. Thus, the two elements are totally intertwined (Skinner, Denise 1. 2004, 5). Working productively in an organizational setting, demands a diverse approach of communication, management and negotiation.The majority management techniques and interpersonal skills are put together on a personal value system that is extremely influenced by culture. Both company culture and national culture recount to a persons’ effectual behavior (Fisher, Glen 1990, 98). Working in national culture means working in a different cultural environment. As one national culture might interpret eye contact, smiling, happy, individual space, touching, punctuality, and arousing responses in a certain way, another culture might infer a totally opposite meaning from the similar behavior (Moran, Robert T. nd Stripp, William G. , 1991).The deepest level of a culture is the least visible part, its value system. It becomes apparent indirectly, while working with foreigners. Basically, national culture ins pires every feature of social behavior and manipulates communication style, personality, character, inspiration, knowledge and cognition. There is a widespread body of work on cultural differences in communication styles in the linguistics and cultural anthropology literature (Reine, P. P. V. & Trompenaars, F, 2000, 237-243).Devoid of knowledge of the dissimilarities in national culture and mentality, without knowing how your colleague thinks, believe and proceed, or which communications and conflict-solving patterns these pertain, you run the risk of misunderstanding your business partners, and thus of jeopardizing your achievement both abroad as well as in locally-based inter cultural teams (Fisher, Glen 1990). It is simply through the cultural, personal and communication understanding of the responsible persons that international assignments and company start-ups abroad can be prohibited from becoming failures.Though, effective communication with people of national cultures is pa rticularly challenging. Cultures give people with ways of judgment, ways of considering, investigation, and interpreting the world. Thus the similar words can mean dissimilar things to people from different cultures, even when they talk the same language. When the languages are dissimilar, and translation has to be used to communicate, the prospective for misunderstandings increase (Fisher, Glen 1990). â€Å"Communication is effectual when the person interpreting the message attaches a meaning to the message comparable to what was intended by the person transmitting it. (Fisher, Glen 1990). The national culture in an international organization endures gradual change as the organization adapts to diverse environmental and internal events. This gradual change is incremental and rarely entails significant deviation from established patterns.Effecting massive organizational change is therefore very strenuous. Changing the culture of an organization is as hard as changing an individual' s personality. Moreover, strong cultures will be more defiant to change than weak ones (Tony Proctor, and Ioanna Doukakis. 2003, 268). So as to change culture, all three of its levels have to change. Varying the first level of culture which includes all artifacts, physical elements, dress codes, building decoration, symbols, logos, and yet employee behaviors and speech patterns–is comparatively easy. One key to such change is a new reward system. For illustration, cooperative behavior can be confident and taught if organizational reward systems encourage it. Employees come to learn that they will be rewarded for collaboration.Changes in this first level, however, do not essentially lead to changes in the second level, which comprises values, or in the third level, which consists of basic assumptions. The latter two is much harder to amend. For example, although as a result of training and a new reward system employee can learn to behave more considerately, they might still va lue competition and consider it to be the key to success and high performance. In the short term, cooperation can develop into an espoused value. It can become a deeply held value simply if it is proven successful over a period of time.In addition, values that are distinct with basic assumptions are likely to lead to conflict and tension and are less probable to be adopted (Lloyd, Margaret, and Sheridan Maguire. 2002, 149). It is the continuous success of a new behavior (first level) that leads to the development of a new value (second level). If this new value is sustained and proven effective, it can lead to changes in several basic assumptions (third level). In the implementation of organizational change, a top down approach is less expected to be effective, although it will lead to behavioral changes.Basic assumptions can simply be changed if all organizational levels are committed to the change and adopt it as their own (McNish, Mark. 2002, 201). The process will perceptibly ta ke longer; however, employee participation leads to obligation to the development of new assumptions. Overall, although it may be moderately easy to change the discernible and obvious elements of national culture, it is very hard to amend the core of culture. Without the amendment of the basic cultural assumptions, the culture will only change apparently. Only with the long-term success of new behaviors will new postulations develop.However, the deep-seated paradigms may avert consideration of new behaviors and values, since they often lead to a biased interpretation of the accomplishment of new behaviors and therefore discourage their use. Without major cultural change, substantial strategic change is likely to fail. Although the formulation of new strategy may be moderately easy, its successful implementation depends almost completely on existing culture or, in many cases, on a change in the existing culture. But such a change is exceptionally difficult and can only be successful with broad planning.Managers can distinguish and acclimatize to different work styles and cultures. Getting work done through others entails a free flow of perfect information and open, prolific relationships with employees. But that's easier said than done in a diverse workplace where lots of cultures collide. On the other hand, nearly every aspect of daily human life involves negotiations. Parenting, interpersonal relationships, commercial dealings and communications with customers, co-workers and suppliers are some of the few to name. Employees through strong negotiation skills are important assets to organizations.Armed with the accurate knowledge, approaches and skills, well-trained and well-prepared negotiators deliver results that go immediately to the bottom line. Diverse techniques of negotiation attach to your ideas. An instance of this is when Americans were negotiating with Vietnamese. They used a plan stratagem in order to stick. Poor negotiating is when someone talks t o you. Negotiating downwards is not an excellent way. It is like takes it or abscond it approach. Approximately everything is negotiable (Reine, P. P. V. & Trompenaars, F, 2000, 237-243).Another culture difference is a bigger course toward people. It is in addition a high-level of internal negotiation, and a greater skill in managing international variety. European managers are able of managing linking extremes (AAhad M. Osman-Gani & Zidan, S. S, 2001, 452-460). Working in another culture a lot depends on the inter-cultural skills of the negotiator. Whereas technology and financial ability might be an issue in the negotiation process in our fast-growing world, the cultural competence of the negotiator provides a company the viable edge (Moran, Robert T. nd Stripp, William G. , 1991).Cultural values persuade all features of behavior in doing business in negotiating through people from different surroundings; the most efficient approach for overcoming probable communication barriers i s to center on the interests of the parties (Reine, P. P. V. & Trompenaars, F, 2000, 237-243). Why do they want what they want? You have to go at the back the validations they may use to protect why they want something; finally virtually everyone can come up with an explanation for whatever they want.The actual issue is how what they want will hand out their interests (AAhad M. Osman-Gani & Zidan, S. S, 2001, 452-460). Negotiation progression is a build process. It is a challenging style, cooperative, working together, avoiding, and compromising style. There are negotiation tactics, which are trouble solving win-win and partnering. It is a build trust, shows optimistic feeling, and reduces differences, obvious and rational. It is also inspired, peaceful shows patience, elastic, seeks common interest, makes others contented, yields to good alternatives (Wiechecki, Barbara. 999).Lots of manager has been aggravated by the employee who nods in obviously considerate of a direction, then does just the contradictory. Or there are the staff members who rise cold and distant after getting feedback on their work, as well as the team members who clam up at meetings when asked for ideas (Fisher, Glen 1990). Besides, our understanding, culture manipulate how close we stand, how loud we converse, how we contract with conflict even how we contribute in a meeting (AAhad M. Osman-Gani & Zidan, S. S, 2001).Though lots of cultural norms manipulate a manager's behavior and ensuing reactions, mainly significant ones are hierarchy and status, groups vs. individual orientation, time realization, communication and conflict pledge. By failing to recognize how culture collisions individually needs and preferences, managers, a lot misunderstands behaviors (Moran, Robert T. and Stripp, William G. , 1991). Think about the norm of hierarchy and status. If you desire all people to feel valued and to contribute in indicative or decision making, differences in this standard could be restraine d.An employee who has been taught regard to age, sexual category or title, might out of respect timid away from being sincere or offering ideas as offering proposals to an elder or a boss might emerge to be tough authority. The manager in addition might require structuring a climate that balances predilections for group and individual work. The employee who can't or won't subordinate individual wants or requirements for the good of the group might perform better working alone (Casse, Pierre 1995).A culturally skilled manager generates opportunities for individuals to take a number of risks and investigate projects that don't need coordinating with others. Doing so can hearten employees with a sturdy individualist bent to draw concentration to significant matters, such as policies or procedures that don't work. On the other hand, when managers put too high a premium on evading workplace discord, even distinctive employees may be disheartened from providing potentially productive feed back (Moran, Robert T. and Stripp, William G. , 1991). However, managers require comprehending the people with whom they work (Casse, Pierre 1995).Devoid of clear mutual understanding, it is almost not possible for a team to attain its objectives. Even in a comparatively standardized organization, designers and accountants, for instance, might be seen as representing diverse cultural perspectives. Getting them to work efficiently together is perceptibly crucial for a company's success. And, most confidently, getting people whose cultural variety is based on diverse issues is no less significant (Adelman, Mara B and Levine Deena R. 1993). To obtain the information you require you have to get alternative approaches that are more in order with the employee's culture.Here are a number of suggestions: Evade yes/no questions such as â€Å"Is that clear? † or â€Å"Do you understand? † provide the employee options from which to prefer. Inquire for specific information, such a s â€Å"Which step will you do first with this new practice? † If time allows, carry out the task along with the employee or watch to see how well he recognizes your directions. Endeavor using unreceptive language that focuses on the circumstances or behavior, rather than the individual. For instance, â€Å"Galls should be answered by the third ring† or â€Å"All requests require accurate charge codes so as to be processed. (Adelman, Mara B and Levine Deena R. 1993).Give workers enough lead time to gather their thoughts before a meeting so they can feel prepared to get input. Have employees work in petite groups, engendering ideas through discussion and presenting input as a group. One of the most significant functions of a manager is budding and grooming employees for encouragement. Cultural norms have a vast collision on this job as of the underlying conjecture a manager might make about an employee's prospective (Fisher, Glen 1990).One has to be cautious not to des ignate people with a particular image, to think that everyone with a particular ‘label' thinks or acts alike. If it isn’t for differences, the world would be a very uninteresting place. What we require to do is finds out how diverse interests can be addressed to yield results that work for the organizations that have the decisive liability to realize an agreement. Organizational cultural diversity is merely one of the rudiments that desire to be taken into relation to keep things operating on a cultured level.